Table 4.
Extract from MFH on the role and mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease.
| No. | Extract of MFH | Dose Range | Controls | Experimental Models | Mechanism | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro | In Vivo | Positive | Negative | In Vitro | In Vivo | ||||
| 1 | Red Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. | 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL | 100 mg/kg | HT22 cells | 5XFAD mice | ↓Mitochondrial Dysfunction; ↓Aβ Deposits; ↓Neuroinflammation; ↓Neuronal Death | [33] | ||
| Fermented Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. | 200 or 400 μg/mL | 400 and 800 mg/kg | Saline | HeLa cells | ICR mice; APP/PS1 mice | ↓Aβ42 | [34] | ||
| White Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. extract | 100 and 500 mg/kg | Saline | ICR mice | ↓cell death; ↓AβO1–42-induced microglial activation; ↑synaptophysin-positive areas; ↑optical density of ChAT immunoreactivity | [35] | ||||
| Korean white ginseng, red ginseng extract, and black ginseng | 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/mL | 2 mg/kg | 0.9% saline | Spectrophotometric method | ICR mice | ↓AChE; ↓BuChE | [16] | ||
| 2 | Crocus Sativus L. | 1, 10 μM | PC-12 cells | ↓caspase-3, ↓Bcl-XL mRNA | [36] | ||||
| 3 | Poriacocos (Schw.) Wolf | 1.2 g kg−1/day | APP/PS1 mice | ↓Aβ | [37] | ||||
| 100, 300, 900 mg/kg | Fluoxetine | 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose | Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓p38, ↓NF-κB, ↓TNF-α | [38] | ||||
| 4 | Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. | 80, 120, 160, 200, 240 μg/mL | Cerebral cortices of BALB/c mouse | ↓glutamate-induced apoptosis | [39] | ||||
| 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200 μg/mL | 30, 60, 100, 150, 200 mg/mL | RSC96 Schwann cells | Sprague–Dawley rats | ↑uPA, ↑tPA, ↑MMP-9, ↑MAPKs, ↑Pas, ↑MMP9 signaling, ↑MEK1/2, ↑ERK1/2, ↑JNK1/2, ↑p38, ↑MMP-2, ↓TIMP-1, ↓TIMP-2 | [40] | ||||
| 360 mg/kg | Donepezil | Saline | ICR mice | ↓IBA-1, ↓IL-1β, ↓Aβ1–42, ↓p-tau | [41] | ||||
| 180, 360 mg/kg | Donepezil | Saline | ICR mice | ↑GSH-px, ↓MDA, ↓Aβ1–42 | [42] | ||||
| 5 | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | 1, 2, 4 g/kg | Saline | Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↓NF-Κb, ↓IL-1β | [43] | |||
| 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | Carboxymethyl cellulose | Wistar rats | ↓IL-1β, ↓GFAP | [44] | |||||
| 0.13, 0.19, 0.25, 0.31 mg/mL | Rat brain | ↓AChE, ↓MDA | [45] | ||||||
| 0.02, 0.1, 0.2 mg in 2 Μl of DMSO | Rat hippocampal | ↓Abeta oligomers | [46] | ||||||
| 6 | Polygonatumodoratum (Mill.) Druce | 3% lyophilized 70% ethanol extracts | Hippocampal Slices of Sprague–Dawley rats | Insulin signaling, energy↑, glucose metabolism↑, tau protein↓ | [47] | ||||
| 7 | Piper nigrum L. | 187.5 or 93.75 mg/kg | Aluminum chloride | Rats | ↑Ach, ↑TAC, ↑SOD, ↓AchE, ↓MDA, ↓NO | [48] | |||
| 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg | Diazepam | Wistar rats | ↓SOD, ↓GPX, ↓CAT, ↓GSH, ↓MDA | [49] | |||||
| 8 | Morus alba L. | 0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL | 20 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg | Donepezil | Saline | Hippocampus of Sprague–Dawley rats | Sprague–Dawley rats | ↑GSK-3β, PI3k/Akt pathway, ↓tau hyperphosphorylation, ↑Bcl-2/Bax, ↓depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, ↓cytochrome C release into the cytosol, ↓caspase-3 | [50] |
| 2, 10, 50 mg/kg | Donepezil | Wistar rats | ↓AChE, ↑Bcl-2-immunopositive neurons density, ↑GSH-Px | [51] | |||||
| 50, 100, 500 mg/kg | SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice | ↓lipid oxidation, ↑antioxidant defense, ↓p38, ↓JNK, ↑ERK1/2, ↑Nrf2, ↓Aβ | [52] | ||||||
| 200 μg/mL | PC12 cells | ↓Apaf1, ↓Bace2, ↓Plcb4 | [53] | ||||||
| 9 | Puerarialobata (Willd.) Ohwi | 340 mg/kg | Saline | C57BL/6J mice | ↓4HNE, ↑pS9-GSK3β, ↓Aß, ↑IDE, ↓pTau, ↑PSD95, ↑synaptophysin | [54] | |||
| 10 | Ziziphi Spinosae Semen | 3, 30 μg/mL | Hippocampal of 5XFAD mice | ↑plasmin | [55] | ||||
| 10, 30, 100 μg/mL | Hippocampal Slices of CD-1 mice | ↑BDNF, BDNF/TrkB signaling, ↑plasmin | [56] | ||||||
| 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 µg/mL | PC12 cells | Caenorhabditis elegans | ↓Aβ-induced toxicity, ↓ROS | [57] | |||||
| 11 | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl | 0.75 mg/mL | 100 µg/mL | Water | 5XFAD mice | ↓Aβ species formation | [58] | ||
| 500 μm | 100 mg/kg | BV-2 cells | 5XFAD mice | ↓ROS, ↓p21rac, ↑GSH, ↓GFAP, ↓Iba-1protein, ↓cleaved caspase 3, ↓tau phosphorylation, ↓Aβ | [59] | ||||
| 50 mg/kg | Saline | Sprague–Dawley rat | ↓AChE, ↑GSK3β, ↓cholinesterase | [60] | |||||
| 12 | Gastrodia elata Blume | 0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL | 50, 250, 500 mg/kg | Scopolamine | PC12 cells | Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓Neuronal cell death | [61] | |
| 500, 1000 mg/kg | 0.5% cellulose | Rats | ↓Acetylcholinesterase | [62] | |||||
| 13 | Lycium barbarum L | 10−4, 10−3, 10−2, 10−1, 1, 10, 102 μg/mL | Neurons of Sprague–Dawley rats | ↓caspase-3, ↓phospho-JNK-1, ↓phospho-c-Jun-I, ↓phospho-c-Jun-II | [63] | ||||
| 14 | Houttuynia cordata thunb. | 400 mg/kg | Donepezil | Cortical neurons | Male ICR mice | ↓AChE | [64] | ||
| 15 | Cassia obtusifolia L. | 12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg | ICR mice | ↓acetylcholinesterase | [65] | ||||
| 1, 10 μg/mL | 50 mg/kg | Hippocampal | CD-1 mice | ↑GSK-3β, Akt signaling, ↓iNOS, ↓COX | [66] | ||||
| 16 | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | 0.75, 1.5, 3 mg/mL | Astrocytes from postnatal SD rat | ↑NQO1, ↑GCLC, ↑GCLM, ↑GST | [67] | ||||
| 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/mL | PC12 cells | PKA signaling, ↑CREB phosphorylation | [68] | ||||||
| 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/mL | RAW 264.7 macrophages | ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6, ↓pNF-κB-Luc | [69] | ||||||
| 17 | Dendrobium nobile Lindl. | 40 mg/kg | Distilled water | Kunming mice | ↑BDNF, ↑GDNF, ↑CNTF | [70] | |||
| 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 mg/L | Primary neuronal cultures | ↑PSD-95 mRNA, ↑SYP | [71] | ||||||
| 3.5, 35, 350 ng/mL | Hippocampus tissues | ↓Aβ23-35 peptide cytotoxicity, | [72] | ||||||
| 18 | Piper longum L. | 10 μL/g | 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose | C57BL/6J mice | ↑NR2B, ↑ERK1/2, ↑CaMKIIα | [73] | |||
| 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 μM | 1.5, 3 mg/kg | DMSO + PBS | BV-2 cells | ICR mice | ↓APP, ↓BACE1, ↓COX-2, ↓iNOS, ↓translocation of NF-κB proteins (p50 and p65) to the nucleus, ↓IκB, ↓GFAP, ↓ IBA-1 | [74] | |||