Table 11.
Symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency.
| Symptoms | Sources | |
|---|---|---|
| Rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs) |
Growth: retardation, decrease in weight | [778,779,783,792,793,794,795,796] |
| Skin and mucosa: ruffing and discoloration of the fur, thinning of hair, alopecia, dryness of the skin with scaly desquamation, nasal discharge, watering of the eyes | ||
| Digestive track: diarrhea, duodenal changes (Lieberkühn crypts—enlargement, hyperplasia, increase in space between crypts, atrophy; villi diminution, epithelial changes to cuboid or flat, leading to ulcerations, perforation and chronic lesions), salivation | ||
| Nervous system: muscle weakness of the hind legs, convulsions, coma | ||
| Glands: adrenal lesions | ||
| Birds (ducklings and chicks) |
Growth: retardation, decrease in weight | [783,797,798,799] |
| Skin: scaly dermatitis, skin lesions, scabs around beak and eyes, feather depigmentation, dermal edema | ||
| Nervous system: severe ataxia, tendency to fall and inability to rise and laying panting | ||
| Glands: lymphoid cell necrosis in the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus, and a lymphocytic paucity in the spleen | ||
| Pigs | Growth: failure to gain in weight, loss of appetite | [800,801,802] |
| Skin: loss of hair, roughness of the coat | ||
| Digestive track: diarrhea, severe colonic lesions | ||
| Nervous system: ataxia, lesions in sensory neurons, sudden lifting one of the limbs from the ground, unusual walk, inability to walk or stand | ||
| Respiratory system: cough and nasal secretion | ||
| Dogs | Growth: retardation Nervous system: sudden weakness, coma, rapid respiratory and heart rate, convulsions, spasticity of the hind legs |
[784,803] |
| Digestive track: decreased appetite, gastrointestinal symptoms, gastritis or enteritis | ||
| Glands: fatty liver, mottled thymusis | ||
| Blood: blood level of glucose and chlorides were lower and non-protein nitrogen was elevated | ||
| Urinary system: hemorrhagic kidney degeneration | ||
| Humans | Nervous system: headache, irritability, restlessness, quarrelsomeness, excessive fatigue, numbness, paresthesia, muscle cramps, faulty coordination associated with tremor and peculiar gait | [776] |
| Digestive track: abdominal rumbling, diarrhea, epigastric burning, regurgitation | ||
| Glands: loss of eosinophilic response to adrenocorticotropic hormone, increased sensitivity to insulin |