Table 2.
Mean (95% confidence limit) overall diet quality and component food/nutrient intake by race/ethnicity.
| Dietary Factors | White (n = 918) |
African American (n = 750) |
Native Hawaiian (n = 684) |
Japanese American (n = 1969) |
Latino (n = 946) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall diet quality (HEI-2015) | 72.6 (71.1, 74.0) | 72.9 (71.4, 74.4) | 70.2 (68.6, 71.7) | 70.4 (69.0, 71.8) | 68.9 (67.5, 70.4) | 1.5 × 10−19 |
| Fruits (cups/day) | 1.94 (1.71, 2.18) | 1.94 (1.71, 2.18) | 1.99 (1.75, 2.23) | 1.71 (1.49, 1.93) | 2.30 (2.08, 2.53) | 3.1 × 10−17 |
| Vegetables (cups/day) | 2.32 (2.11, 2.52) | 1.84 (1.63, 2.05) | 2.51 (2.30, 2.72) | 2.19 (1.99, 2.38) | 2.04 (1.84, 2.24) | 1.2 × 10−19 |
| Nuts, seeds, legumes (g/day) | 37.4 (32.6, 42.0) | 30.1 (25.2, 34.9) | 30.9 (26.1, 35.7) | 30.9 (26.4, 35.4) | 29.5 (24.7, 34.0) | 9.0 × 10−7 |
| Whole grains (g/day) | 52.4 (46.8, 58.1) | 51.3 (45.6, 57.0) | 52.4 (46.5, 58.1) | 48.2 (42.8, 53.6) | 42.0 (36.6, 47.6) | 5.9 × 10−9 |
| Dairy (cups/day) | 1.54 (1.42, 1.67) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.12) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.28) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) | 1.53 (1.41, 1.65) | 2.5 × 10−114 |
| Fish (g/day) | 26.4 (23.0, 30.1) | 23.2 (19.6, 26.9) | 35.7 (32.0, 39.4) | 31.2 (27.8, 34.6) | 18.7 (15.3, 22.1) | 1.6 × 10−54 |
| MUFA/SFA ratio | 1.21 (1.18, 1.24) | 1.29 (1.26, 1.32) | 1.28 (1.25, 1.32) | 1.36 (1.33, 1.39) | 1.23 (1.20, 1.26) | 5.0 × 10−86 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 12.9 (10.8, 15.0) | 6.7 (4.6, 8.8) | 7.5 (5.3, 9.7) | 4.1 (2.2, 6.1) | 6.4 (4.4, 8.4) | 9.0 × 10−47 |
| Red meat (g/day) | 42.8 (38.0, 47.6) | 32.9 (28.1, 37.7) | 55.0 (50.2, 59.8) | 47.9 (43.4, 52.4) | 40.8 (36.3, 45.6) | 1.7 × 10−40 |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 105 (94, 115) | 90 (80, 101) | 141 (130, 152) | 139 (129, 150) | 151 (140, 161) | 4.1 × 10−87 |
| Added sugars (tsp/day) | 9.55 (8.68, 10.4) | 9.38 (8.50, 10.2) | 9.74 (8.85, 10.6) | 7.38 (6.56, 8.19) | 9.43 (8.59, 10.3) | 1.1 × 10−30 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (g/day) | 90 (64, 116) | 145 (119, 172) | 117 (90, 144) | 80.2 (56, 105) | 120 (95, 145) | 8.2 × 10−17 |
| Saturated fat (g/day) | 23.1 (21.6, 24.6) | 19.7 (18.2, 21.2) | 23.6 (22.1, 25.2) | 19.2 (17.7, 20.6) | 23.7 (22.2, 25.1) | 1.6 × 10−42 |
| Sodium (g/day) | 3.15 (2.94, 3.35) | 2.66 (2.46, 2.87) | 3.47 (3.26, 3.68) | 3.12 (2.93, 3.32) | 3.34 (3.15, 3.54) | 5.2 × 10−29 |
The mean (95% confidence limit) for the overall diet quality (the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) score) and the intake amounts of diet quality-defining component foods/nutrients was obtained in a general linear model of each dietary factor on race/ethnicity, adjusted for age, sex, BMI and energy intake, along with the p-value for ethnic differences. Measurement equivalents: 1 cup is equivalent to 236.588 mL; 1 teaspoon is equivalent to 4.92892 mL. For each dietary factor, the race/ethnic group with the most desirable (the most of the adequacy item or the least of the moderation item) mean intake level is noted in bold.