Abstract
目的
探讨以胫骨内侧开放高位截骨术(medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy,MOWHTO)中截骨后的胫骨腓骨角(tibia fibular angle,TFA)、股骨腓骨角(femoral fibular angle,FFA)预测术后下肢冠状位力线的有效性。
方法
回顾分析2019年9月—2020年9月20例采用MOWHTO治疗的膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎患者临床资料。其中男9例,女11例;年龄46~69岁,平均56.0岁。身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)21.3~35.7 kg/m2,平均26.7 kg/m2。骨关节炎累及左膝11例、右膝9例;病程2~6年,平均3.8年;Kellgren-Lawrence分级:Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级4例。术前使用截骨大师软件设计截骨撑开高度和角度,测量模拟截骨撑开后的TFA、FFA;术中参考术前模拟撑开后TFA、FFA调整实际撑开高度。测量并比较术前及术后第2天股骨远端外侧角(lateral distal femoral angle,LDFA)、胫骨近端内侧角(medial proximal tibial angle,MPTA)、关节线汇聚角(joint line convergence angle,JLCA)、股骨胫骨机械轴夹角(mechanical femorotibial angle,mFTA)、关节承重线(weight-bearing line,WBL)比率、TFA、FFA。计算TFA、FFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值(X),术后WBL比率与目标力线(62.5%)差值(Y),采用Pearson检验分析两指标相关性。根据患者BMI中位数(25.81 kg/m2),将患者分为高BMI组(>25.81 kg/m2,n=10)以及低BMI组(≤25.81 kg/m2,n=10),通过直线回归分析WBL比率的影响因素。
结果
手术前后LDFA、JLCA比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MPTA、mFTA、WBL比率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TFA术中测量值为(89.5±4.0)°,术后为(87.7±4.7)°,差异有统计学意义(t=2.991,P=0.008);TFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值(X)与术后WBL比率与目标力线差值(Y)成正相关(r=0.595,P=0.006)。FFA术中测量为(86.9±4.3)°,术后为(85.7±4.4)°,差异无统计学意义(t=1.760,P=0.094);FFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值(X)与术后WBL比率与目标力线差值(Y)成正相关(r=0.536,P=0.015)。经过BMI分层,在低BMI组X是Y的影响因素(P<0.05),但在高BMI组中X不是Y的影响因素(P>0.05)。
结论
术中截骨撑开后的FFA和TFA可以预测术后下肢冠状位力线,对于BMI≤25.81 kg/m2的患者预测更准确。
Keywords: 胫骨内侧开放性高位截骨术, 膝关节, 骨关节炎, 胫骨腓骨角, 股骨腓骨角, 下肢力线
Abstract
Objective
To explore the prediction of postoperative coronal lower limb alignment by the tibia fibular angle (TFA) and femoral fibular angle (FFA) after osteotomy in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO).
Methods
A clinical data of 20 patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis, who were treated with MOWHTO between September 2019 and September 2020, was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 9 males and 11 females; the age ranged from 46 to 69 years, with an average of 56.0 years. The body mass index (BMI) was 21.3- 35.7 kg/m2, with an average of 26.7 kg/m2. Osteoarthritis involved 11 cases of left knee and 9 cases of right knee; the disease duration was 2-6 years, with an average of 3.8 years. According to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification, there were 7 cases of grade Ⅰ, 9 cases of grade Ⅱ, and 4 cases of grade Ⅲ. The angle and height for open-wedge was planned preoperatively by osteotomy master software, and the TFA and FFA were measured by software after simulated osteotomy. The intraoperative angle for open-wedge was adjusted according to TFA and FFA after simulated osteotomy.The lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), joint line convergence angle (JLCA), mechanical femorotibial angle (mFTA), weight-bearing line (WBL) ratio, TFA, and FFA were measured before operation and at 2 days after operation. The difference (X) between the intraoperative measurement value and the preoperative plan value of TFA/FFA, and the difference (Y) between the postoperative WBL ratio and the target alignment (62.5%) were calculated, and the correlation between the two indicators was analyzed by Pearson’s test. According to the median BMI of patients (25.81 kg/m2), the patients were allocated into high BMI group (>25.81 kg/m2, n=10) and low BMI group (≤25.81 kg/m2, n=10), and the influencing factors of WBL ratio was analyzed by linear regression.
Results
There was no significant difference between pre- and post-operation in LDFA and JLCA (P>0.05); while there were significant differences between pre- and post-operation in MPTA, mFTA, and WBL ratio (P<0.05). The TFA was (89.5±4.0)° during operation and (87.7±4.7)° after operation, showing significant difference (t=2.991, P=0.008). There was a positive correlation between the difference (X) between the intraoperative measurement value and the preoperative plan value of TFA and the difference (Y) between the postoperative WBL ratio and the target alignment (r=0.595, P=0.006). The FFA was (86.9±4.3)° during operation and (85.7±4.4)° after operation, showing significant difference (t=1.760, P=0.094). There was a positive correlation between the difference (X) between the intraoperative measurement value and the preoperative plan value of FFA and the difference (Y) between the postoperative WBL ratio and the target alignment (r=0.536, P=0.015). After BMI stratification, X was an influential factor of Y in the low BMI group (P<0.05), but X was not an influential factor of Y in the high BMI group (P>0.05).
Conclusion
Intraoperative FFA and TFA can predict coronal limb alignment after MOWHTO. FFA and TFA can predict more preciselyfor patients with BMI≤25.81 kg/m2.
Keywords: Medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy, knee, osteoarthritis, tibia fibular angle, femoral fibular angle, lower limb alignment
骨关节炎是临床骨科常见慢性疾病,可导致关节疼痛和活动僵硬。虽然发病原因尚未明确,但下肢冠状位力线不良会导致早期骨关节炎进展已明确[1]。内侧间室骨关节炎与下肢冠状位力线内翻密切相关,内翻导致关节内侧负荷增加[2],关节周围肌肉力量动态变化,进而加速膝关节内侧间室软骨退变。软骨退变、内侧间室应力增加以及关节周围肌肉力量动态改变,又进一步加重了下肢力线不良和成角畸形,从而造成恶性循环[3],使得骨关节炎不断进展。
目前,临床常采用胫骨内侧开放高位截骨术(medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy,MOWHTO)治疗内侧间室骨关节炎,通过矫正内翻下肢力线达到治疗目的。术中为了准确恢复及评价下肢冠状位力线,学者们提出了电刀线拉线法、金属杆定位、金属网格透视等方法[4-9]。但拉线法只能提供瞬时评估,可能导致矫正不足或过度矫正[5-10];金属杆定位法需多次透视,存在额外射线暴露问题,而且由于透视时负重状态变化,存在术前、术中和术后误差[11-13]。近年来,计算机辅助导航和3D打印个性化截骨导板逐渐用于辅助截骨术,以获得精确下肢冠状位力线[12, 14-15]。但荟萃分析显示前者会产生术后冠状位力线偏倚[5],后者对于下肢冠状位力线离群值的改善和准确性的提高均不明确[15]。
2019年9月—2020年9月,我们对拟行MOWHTO的内侧间室骨关节炎患者,术前采用截骨大师软件(上海昕健医疗技术有限公司)规划手术方案,设计截骨撑开角度及高度,并于模拟截骨后测量胫骨腓骨角(tibia fibular angle,TFA)、股骨腓骨角(femoral fibular angle,FFA),术中参考术前模拟撑开后TFA、FFA来调整实际撑开高度,以获得术前计划的下肢冠状位力线。现回顾分析患者临床资料,通过直线回归分析评价术中测量TFA及FFA能否预测术后下肢冠状位力线。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 患者选择标准
纳入标准:① 经MRI确诊且存在临床症状的内侧间室骨关节炎,Kellgren-Lawrence分级为Ⅰ~Ⅲ级;② 影像学检查示外侧间室及髌股关节间室存在轻度软骨退变或无退变;③ 年龄40~70岁;④ 身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)<36 kg/m2;⑤ 下肢冠状位力线内翻且髋-膝-踝角>5°,内翻畸形主要来自于胫骨侧,胫骨近端内侧角(medial proximal tibial angle,MPTA)<85°;⑥ 膝关节屈曲活动度>90°,膝关节屈曲挛缩<15°。排除标准:存在膝关节肿瘤、活动期感染、严重骨质疏松及类风湿性关节炎患者。
2019年9月—2020年9月,共20例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。
1.2. 一般资料
本组男9例,女11例;年龄46~69岁,平均56.0岁。BMI 21.3~35.7 kg/m2,平均26.7 kg/m2。骨关节炎累及左膝11例、右膝9例;病程2~6年,平均3.8年;Kellgren-Lawrence分级:Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级4例。
1.3. 治疗方法
1.3.1. 术前设计
将患者术前负重位双下肢全长X线片导入截骨大师软件,测量股骨远端外侧角(lateral distal femoral angle,LDFA)、MPTA、关节线汇聚角(joint line convergence angle,JLCA)、股骨胫骨机械轴夹角(mechanical femorotibial angle,mFTA)、关节承重线(weight-bearing line,WBL)比率以及TFA、FFA。其中,TFA为胫骨平台关节面和腓骨轴线夹角,FFA为股骨远端关节面和腓骨轴线夹角。
参考Fujisawa点(胫骨平台宽度的62.5%)确定术中截骨块撑开角度及高度,并模拟截骨撑开。基于模拟撑开后图像再次测量TFA、FFA。见图1。
图 1.
Preoperative design on weight-bearing full-length X-ray films of lower limbs by using osteotomy master software
使用截骨大师软件于负重位双下肢全长X线片进行术前设计
a. 测量LDFA、MPTA、JLCA、mFTA;b. 参考Fujisawa点确定撑开角度及高度;c、d. 测量模拟撑开后TFA以及FFA
a. Measurements of LDFA, MPTA, JLCA, and mFTA; b. The angle and the height for open-wedge were designed referred to the Fujisawa point; c, d. TFA and FFA were measured by software after simulated osteotomy
1.3.2. 手术方法
于股神经和坐骨神经阻滞麻醉联合喉罩麻醉下,患者取仰卧位。作胫骨内侧鹅掌前缘切口,长度约8 cm。分离鹅掌,剥离内侧副韧带浅层上缘,显露胫骨结节。于胫骨平台下方3~4 cm向腓骨头上缘打入2枚2.5 mm克氏针,C臂X线机透视下确定截骨位置,选择合适透视角度和位置使TFA接近术前测量值。测量截骨深度,胫骨近端双平面截骨,使用骨刀缓慢撑开,保护对侧铰链完整,逐步撑开至术前设计的撑开高度及角度。然后,透视下获得非负重位TFA、FFA,参考术前模拟截骨后两角度值进行微调,并再次透视确认是否达术前计划值。如术中非负重位两角度值与术前计划值均不一致,优先恢复TFA。同时使用电刀线从髂前上棘拉至第1、2足趾间,判断下肢冠状位力线位置。截骨块撑开后电刀线应位于髌骨中间略偏外侧位置,如果偏内侧则提示下肢力线仍内翻。结合患者软骨损伤情况,综合判断撑开高度及角度无误后,植入Tomfix钢板,打入锁定螺钉。再次正侧位透视确认内固定无误后,在撑开间隙内植入同种异体骨(山西奥瑞生物材料有限公司)。术后常规放置负压引流。
1.3.3. 术后处理
术后第2天摄负重位双下肢全长X线片,将数据导入截骨大师软件,测量LDFA、MPTA、JLCA、mFTA、TFA、FFA和WBL比率。见图2。
图 2.
TFA and FFA measurement and coronal lower limb alignment verification methods before and after operation
手术前后TFA、FFA测量及下肢冠状位力线验证方法
a~c. 术前、模拟撑开后以及术中测量TFA; d~f. 术前、模拟撑开后以及术中测量FFA;g、h. 术中及术后即刻判断下肢冠状位力线;i. 术后负重位双下肢全长X线片判断下肢冠状位力线;j. 术后WBL比率
a-c. TFA measured before operation, after simulated osteotomy, and during operation, respectively; d-f. FFA measured before operation, after simulated osteotomy, and during operation, respectively; g, h. Measuring the coronal lower limb alignment during and immediately after operation; i. Measuring the coronal lower limb alignment on full-length X-ray film at weight-bearing position after operation; j. WBL ratio after operation
1.4. 统计学方法
采用Stata15.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料符合正态分布时以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对t检验;不符合正态分布时以中位数(四分位数间距)表示,手术前后比较采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验。
采用Pearson检验分析MPTA手术前后差值分别与mFTA、WBL比率手术前后差值的相关性。计算TFA、FFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值(X),术后WBL比率与目标力线(62.5%)差值(Y),采用Pearson相关分析两指标相关性。采用多重线性回归分析,将BMI作为X2纳入模型,对Y进行矫正。根据本组患者BMI中位数(25.81 kg/m2),将患者分为高BMI组(>25.81 kg/m2,n=10)以及低BMI组(≤25.81 kg/m2,n=10),采用直线回归分析X是否为Y的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
本组患者手术前后LDFA、JLCA比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MPTA、mFTA、WBL比率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。MPTA手术前后差值(5.5±3.8)°和mFTA手术前后差值(6.9±3.6)°、WBL比率手术前后差值34.13%±17.48%均成正相关(r=0.842,P=0.000;r=0.781,P=0.000)。
表 1.
Comparison of radiographic measurements between pre- and post-operation (n=20)
手术前后影像学检测指标比较(n=20)
| 时间
Time |
LDFA(°) | MPTA(°) | JLCA(°) | mFTA(°) | WBL比率(%)
WBL ratio (%) |
| 术前
Preoperative |
87.8±2.5 | 82.6±2.8 | 1.8±1.0 | 173.5(172.5,174.4) | 19.23(13.95,23.37) |
| 术后
Postoperative |
87.6±3.1 | 88.6±4.7 | 2.0±1.0 | 179.2(177.8,183.3) | 48.91(42.78,66.77) |
| 统计值
Statistic |
t=0.546
P=0.592 |
t=0.699
P=0.000 |
t=0.773
P=0.449 |
Z=−3.920
P=0.000 |
Z=−3.920
P=0.000 |
2.1. TFA相关分析
TFA术中测量值为(89.5±4.0)°,术后为(87.7±4.7)°,差异有统计学意义(t=2.991,P=0.008)。TFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值(X)为(−0.55±3.37)°,术后WBL比率与目标力线差值(Y)为−10.20%±17.80%,两变量成正相关(r=0.595,P=0.006)。直线回归分析显示X是Y的影响因素(P=0.006),经过BMI校正后X仍是Y的影响因素(P=0.007)。
经过BMI分层,低BMI组中X为(−0.43±2.87)°,Y为−6.11%±17.11%,X是Y的影响因素(P=0.002)。高BMI组中X为(−0.68±3.97)°,Y为−14.30%±18.40%,X不是Y的影响因素(P=0.194)。见图3a及表2、3。
图 3.
Scatter plot of linear regression between two variables in two groups
两组两变量直线回归关系散点图
左:低BMI组、右:高BMI组 a. TFA;b. FFA
Left: Low BMI group, right: High BMI group a. TFA; b. FFA
表 2.
TFA, FFA, and WBL ratio of two BMI groups (n=10)
两BMI组TFA、FFA以及WBL比率(n=10)
| 组别
Group |
TFA(°) | FFA(°) | WBL比率(%)
WBL ratio(%) |
|||
| 术前计划
Preoperative planning |
术中测量
Intraoperative measurement |
术前计划
Preoperative planning |
术中测量
Intraoperative measurement |
|||
| 低BMI组
Low BMI group |
90.8±2.5 | 90.4±3.6 | 88.5±2.7 | 87.9±4.1 | 56.4±17.1 | |
| 高BMI组
High BMI group |
89.3±4.3 | 88.6±4.4 | 87.2±3.4 | 86.0±4.5 | 48.2±18.4 | |
表 3.
Analysis result of linear regression between TFA and WBL ratio
TFA与WBL比率直线回归分析结果
| 组别
Group |
β | 95%CI | P | R 2 |
| 总体
Total | ||||
| 校正前
Before correction |
3.13 | (1.04,5.24) | 0.006 | 0.354 |
| 校正后
After correction |
3.12 | (0.99,5.27) | 0.007 | 0.373 |
| 低BMI组
Low BMI group |
5.03 | (2.43,7.63) | 0.002 | 0.713 |
| 高BMI组
High BMI group |
2.08 | (−1.30,5.46) | 0.194 | 0.201 |
2.2. FFA相关分析
FFA术中测量值为(86.9±4.3)°,术后为(85.7±4.4)°,差异无统计学意义(t=1.760,P= 0.094)。FFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值(X)为(–0.96±4.05)°,与术后WBL比率与目标力线差值(Y)成正相关(r=0.536,P=0.015)。直线回归分析显示X是Y的影响因素(P=0.015),经过BMI校正后X仍是Y的影响因素(P=0.016)。
经过BMI分层,低BMI组中X为(−0.65±2.78)°,Y为−6.11%±17.11%,X是Y的影响因素(P=0.002)。高BMI组中X为(−1.27±5.17)°,Y为−14.30%±18.40%,X不是Y的影响因素(P=0.250)。见图3b及表2、4。
表 4.
Analysis result of linear regression between FFA and WBL ratio
FFA与WBL比率直线回归分析结果
| 组别
Group |
β | 95%CI | P | R 2 |
| 总体
Total | ||||
| 校正前
Before correction |
2.35 | (0.52,4.19) | 0.015 | 0.287 |
| 校正后
After correction |
2.37 | (0.50,4.23) | 0.016 | 0.312 |
| 低BMI组
Low BMI group |
5.23 | (2.61,7.86) | 0.002 | 0.725 |
| 高BMI组
High BMI group |
1.43 | (−1.23,4.09) | 0.250 | 0.162 |
3. 讨论
MOWHTO是通过胫骨近端截骨获得轻度外翻的下肢冠状位力线,以延缓或阻断骨关节炎进展。MPTA是判断MOWHTO效果的重要指标,有研究将其术后与术前的差值定义为影像学上MOWHTO矫正角度(术中撑开角度)[16]。本组患者术后MPTA明显增加,相关分析显示其手术前后差值与mFTA、WBL比率手术前后差值均成正相关。如果术中可以测量MPTA,该角度则等于术前MPTA与术中矫正角度之和,理想值为术前MPTA与术前设计矫正角度之和。在不考虑软组织张力情况下,术中MPTA达理想值时,下肢冠状位力线即可以恢复至术前设计的理想力线(62.5%)。但MPTA需要在下肢全长X线片上进行测量,术中无法实现,所以我们设想使用术中可获得的角度来替代MPTA,以局部角度预测术后冠状位下肢力线。
本研究采用术中测量的TFA以及FFA来判断MOWHTO术后冠状位下肢力线。公认的理想术后下肢力线是通过Fujisawa点,因此有学者将术后WBL比率与62.5%的差值定义为下肢力线误差[16]。如果术中TFA和FFA未达术前设计值,则相较于理想下肢力线发生内翻;如果超过术前设计值,则发生外翻。本研究相关分析结果显示,术中截骨撑开后的TFA、FFA与术前计划值差值,同术后WBL比率与目标力线差值均成正相关,提示术中TFA、FFA和术前计划值的差值越小,术后负重位双下肢全长X线片上WBL比率和理想的下肢冠状位力线(Fujisawa点)偏差越小。我们进一步对TFA、FFA术中测量值与术前计划值差值同术后WBL比率与目标力线差值进行直线回归分析,结果显示前两者均是后者的影响因素。既往研究显示术前BMI和JLCA是术后和术中WBL比率偏差的正向预测因子[13],但本研究JLCA手术前后差异无统计学意义,所以使用BMI对模型进行纠正。经过BMI分层后,直线回归分析结果显示术中测量的TFA和FFA预测BMI≤25.81 kg/m2患者术后下肢冠状位力线更准确。
TFA术后和术中测量值差异有统计学意义,而FFA差异无统计学意义,可能与术中透视时腓骨骨干轴线仅包含了腓骨近端一部分,而术后摄片包含了腓骨近端更大范围,造成术后和术中测量存在偏差有关。该结果也提示与TFA相比,术中透视下测量FFA受到下肢旋转、膝关节屈曲和透视角度等因素影响更小。综上述, 通过MOWHTO术中测量截骨撑开后FFA和TFA可以预测患者术后冠状位下肢力线情况,其中对于BMI≤25.81 kg/m2的患者优先选用FFA。
此外,采用术中测量TFA及FFA预测术后下肢力线的方法减少了术中透视次数。传统金属杆定位法需要在术中依次透视髋关节中心、踝关节中心、膝关节中心Fujisawa点,总透视定位次数为(8.0±1.3)次[17]。而本组术中均未额外定位透视,仅需要确认撑开的TFA和FFA,显著减少了透视次数,减少了对患者和医务工作者的放射暴露。
但本研究存在以下几点不足:① 为回顾性研究且病例较少,后续需要扩大样本量以及进行随机对照研究进一步验证该方法的有效性。② 本研究前提是术中撑开至术前设计角度时截骨合页不断裂,一旦合页断裂就无法保证合页点位于胫骨外侧皮质,则无法使用该方法。③ 经术中透视和术后负重位双下肢全长X线片测量的WBL比率存在差异,这与透视时角度不标准、仰卧位以及站立位的体位改变等因素有关[18],主要原因是术中透视为非负重位,无法反映韧带功能。目前采用的导航[5]和传统定位杆[19]也无法避免因术后负重位摄片时下肢力线外翻增加导致的测量误差。④ 虽然本研究结果提示术中测量的FFA、TFA可预测术后下肢冠状位力线,但TFA术中与术后测量值差异有统计学意义。研究证实下肢旋转、膝关节屈曲都对冠状位下肢力线有影响[20],未来可以进一步研究下肢旋转、膝关节屈曲对于TFA和FFA的影响;在保证术中撑开前TFA和术前负重位双下肢全长X线片测量值接近时,进一步分析FFA和TFA对于术后整体下肢力线的预测价值,进一步明确两者优劣。
作者贡献:毛彦杰、何阿祥参与课题设计,手术实施及撰写文章;周滢、刘亚茹、陈亚楠负责数据收集整理及统计分析;于晓巍、刘万军、张先龙对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅。
利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。课题经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道。
机构伦理问题:研究方案经上海交通大学附属第六人民医院伦理委员会批准(2020-003)。
Funding Statement
上海市老龄化和妇儿健康研究专项(2020YJZX0120);上海市“科技创新行动计划”自然科学基金面上项目(21ZR1448900);上海申康医院发展中心临床科技创新项目(SHDC12019X24);上海市浦东新区科技发展基金民生科研专项资金医疗卫生项目(PKJ2019-Y02);上海市第六人民医院东院院级课题(DY2020005);上海市第六人民医院集团课题
Shanghai Health and Hygiene Commission “Healthy aging” Program (2020YJZX0120); Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan (21ZR1448900); Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanghai Hospital Development Center (SHDC12019X24); Shanghai Pudong New Area Science and Technology Development Funds (PKJ2019-Y02); Project of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital East Campus (DY2020005); Project of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Group
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