An extremely uncommon case of pancreatic extragastrointestinal stromal tumor in a 53-year-old female patient

Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequently encountered mesenchymal tumors that develop anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but they account for less than 1% of all GI tumors. However, GISTs can also develop outside the GI tract. They are referred to as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) and represent around 5–10% of all GISTs. In this latter case, the tumor itself is not connected to the GI tract and can affect the omentum, mesentery, and retroperitoneum. EGISTs can also originate from the pancreas, but they are extremely uncommon. It is estimated that pancreatic EGISTs account for about 5% of all EGISTs, with around 30 cases being reported in the literature so far. The current report presents an extremely rare case of pancreatic EGIST encountered in a 53-year-old woman with no remarkable personal or family medical history. Surgical resection of the pancreatic head tumor through pancreaticoduodenectomy using Whipple procedure combined with negative resection margins and adjuvant Imatinib mesylate treatment led to a favorable postoperative evolution. The follow-up at six months after surgery did not reveal any malignant changes.

⧉ Introduction

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequently encountered mesenchymal tumors that develop anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but they account for less than 1% of all GI tumors [1,2,3]. The two most common sites are represented by the stomach (50–60%) and the small bowel (30–40%). The rest of the GI tract is affected to a much lesser extent [4,5]. However, GISTs can also develop outside the GI tract. They are referred to as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) and represent around 5–10% of all GISTs [6]. In this latter case, the tumor itself is not connected to the GI tract and can affect the omentum, mesentery, and retroperitoneum [7]. EGISTs can also originate from the pancreas, but they are extremely uncommon. It is estimated that pancreatic EGISTs account for about 5% of all EGISTs, with around 30 cases being reported in the literature so far [8].

Aim

The current case report presents a female patient diagnosed with a rare form of pancreatic head EGIST that infiltrates the descending duodenum and illustrates relevant clinical data and serum parameters, pathological changes depicted on medical imaging methods, histopathology (HP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings, and detailed surgical treatment.

⧉ Case presentation

A 53-year-old female patient, with no remarkable personal or family medical history, was admitted to the Department of General Surgery for recent melena, fatigue, weight-loss, and poor overall condition. The clinical examination revealed pale skin and mucous membranes. The digital rectal examination showed black tarry stools suggesting a possible upper GI bleeding. Routine laboratory tests at admission demonstrated moderate anemia (8.2 g/dL). The serum values of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were within normal limits. The rest of the serum parameters recorded normal values.

Both chest and abdominal radiographs had a normal appearance. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) showed a large hypoechoic mass (59/39 mm) located in the duodenal arch. Afterwards, the patient was sent in for an abdominal double contrast-enhanced (oral and intravenous contrast) computed tomography (CT), which revealed a heterogeneous tumoral mass affecting the head of the pancreas and the second part of the duodenum measuring 83/70/70 mm, with well-defined margins and intralesional areas of hemorrhage and necrosis (Figure 1A,1B,1C). Also, the common bile duct measured 11 mm in size, and the maximum diameter of the Wirsung duct was 5 mm. Next, the patient underwent an esogastroduodenoscopy and a colonoscopy. In the second part of the duodenum, the major duodenal papilla and the mucosa surrounding it had a tumoral, ulcerated appearance. Therefore, multiple biopsies were performed at this level. After evaluating the prelevated tissue samples, the HP report indicated the presence of spindle cells and numerous atypical mitoses which were suggestive for a malignant mesenchymal tumor.

Figure 1.

The CT examination performed before surgery revealed a large tumoral mass affecting the head of the pancreas and the descending duodenum: (A) Oral contrast, no intravenous contrast, axial plane; (B) Postcontrast sequence, arterial phase, oral and intravenous contrast, axial plane; (C) Postcontrast sequence, arterial phase, oral and intravenous contrast, coronal plane. CT: Computed tomography

After presenting the possible benefits and downsides of an exploratory laparotomy, the patient agreed to undergo this procedure. Upon inspection, a large pancreatic head tumor invading the descending duodenum was encountered with no associated vascular invasion or macroscopic liver metastases. The medical team opted for pancreatico-duodenectomy (Whipple procedure) with end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (“duct to mucosa”), end-to-side hepatojejunostomy, and gastrojejunostomy.

Grossly, the surgically resected specimen was a well-circumscribed, partially encapsulated solid mass, measuring 80/70/50 mm, with focal intratumoral areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Also, the tumor extended to the descending duodenum wall, infiltrating, and ulcerating this area on approximately 30/30 mm (Figure 2A,2B,2C,2D,2E). Resection margins and regional lymph nodes indicated no signs of tumoral proliferation. The microscopic examination revealed a neoplastic proliferation of spindle cells. The mitotic count was >5 per 50 high-power fields (HPFs). IHC revealed strong positivity for c-KIT [cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117)], discovered on GIST 1 (DOG1), but negativity for cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), desmin, and muscle-specific actin (MSA). The Ki67 labeling index was 40% (Figure 3A,3B,3C,3D,3E; Figure 4, A and B).

Figure 2.

(A–E) The macroscopic appearance of the surgically resected specimen: a well-circumscribed, partially encapsulated solid mass, measuring 80/70/50 mm, with focal intratumoral areas of hemorrhage and necrosis affecting the pancreatic head and the descending duodenum

Figure 3.

Pancreatic GIST infiltrating the descending duodenum: (A) Duodenal wall and tumor; (B) Duodenal wall, pancreatic tissue, and tumor; (C) Pancreatic tissue (upper half) and tumor (lower half) (100x); (D) Pancreatic tissue and tumor proliferation; (E) Tumor proliferation, increased mitotic count. HE staining: (A and B) ×25; (C and D) ×100; (E) ×400. GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; HE: Hematoxylin–Eosin

Figure 4.

Immunohistochemistry (×100) revealed positivity for both CD117 (A) and DOG1 (B) immunomarkers. CD117: Cluster of differentiation 117; DOG1: Discovered on GIST 1; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Based on the HP and IHC findings, the surgically resected specimen was classified as an EGIST originating from the pancreas and associated a high risk of malignancy. Both clinical and radioimaging findings did not indicate the presence of another primary tumor.

The postoperative evolution of the patient was uneventful and adjuvant Imatinib mesylate treatment was started. The follow-up was scheduled at six months after surgery and revealed a favorable evolution (Figure 5A,5B,5C).

Figure 5.

The follow-up CT examination performed at six months after surgery revealed pneumobilia (A) after pancreaticoduodenectomy using Whipple procedure with end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (B), end-to-side hepato-jejunostomy, and gastrojejunostomy (C). CT: Computed tomography

⧉ Discussions

The exact worldwide incidence of GIST still remains unknown, mainly due to the fact that this disease is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in many parts of the world. Recent estimates indicate that around 10–20 per 1 000 000 people, per year develop GISTs worldwide [9,10,11]. This type of tumor seems to affect people of all ages and does not seem to be greatly influenced by the patient’s gender. Usually, GISTs seem to target people over 60 years of age. Moreover, recent studies indicate that less than 3% of all GISTs affect children [12,13].

In over two-thirds of patients, GISTs generate non-specific signs and symptoms like bleeding, abdominal discomfort or pain, obstructive jaundice, dysphagia or fatigue. Not infrequently, estimates range from 5–20% of cases, pancreatic tumors can evolve with the appearance of bone metastases when, to improve the quality of life, comfort osteosynthesis must be performed. At the same time, these patients may suffer major complications caused by ruptured osteosynthetic materials, being known that pathological bone fracture does not heal, and the material will suffer stress degradation over time [14].

The intensity and variability of these symptoms is directly related to the location and size of the tumor inside the pancreas. Up to 20% of patients affected by GISTs remain asymptomatic and around 10% are discovered during autopsy [15,16,17].

Radiology and medical imaging play a central part in evaluating pancreatic tumors. US, CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are only some of the most common techniques that provide important medical imaging data regarding the tumor size and location, distant metastases, and invasion of adjacent anatomical structures, without being able to clearly indicate the histological type of the tumor itself [18,19], often making the differential diagnosis with other rare pathologies [20]. In addition, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is another modern medical imaging method which can be used to detect intratumoral peak levels of certain metabolites [21]. For example, a prostate EGIST described in the current literature associated elevated citrate peak levels in the affected prostate area [22].

GISTs are usually diagnosed based on the molecular traits, HP, and IHC data. HP results can differentiate three types of GISTs: (i) spindle type; (ii) epithelioid type; (iii) mixed type. The spindle type is the most frequently encountered in pancreatic EGISTs [18].

Regarding treatment possibilities, surgery still remains the most viable option. Pancreatic head tumors are usually removed through pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) while distal pancreatectomy is used for resecting tumors that affect the pancreatic tail [23]. In addition, using Imatinib as a neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy is associated with an increased survival rate and a lower rate of recurrence [24]. Treatment of cancer patients with other therapies, may result in significant bone loss as well even in young patients and not infrequently associations with other significant conditions [25,26].

Beltrame et al. [27] collected relevant clinical and pathological data from 21 pancreatic EGISTs described in the literature. The patients’ mean age was 55 years and ranged from 31 to 84 years. Both genders were almost equally affected (11 women, 10 men). The pancreatic head and/or uncinate process were affected in slightly over half of all examined patients. IHC revealed CD117(+) and CD34(+) immunomarkers in 18 (85.71%) and 12 (57.14%) patients, respectively [27].

⧉ Conclusions

The current report presents an extremely rare case of pancreatic EGIST encountered in a 53-year-old woman with no remarkable personal or family medical history. Surgical resection of the pancreatic head tumor through pancreatico-duodenectomy using Whipple procedure combined with negative resection margins and adjuvant Imatinib mesylate treatment led to a favorable postoperative evolution. The follow-up at six months after surgery did not reveal any malignant changes.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interests to declare.