Abstract
Background and Aims
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and underrepresented minorities (URMs) historically have below average vaccination rates. URMs have increased morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. We surveyed IBD patients to assess COVID vaccination attitudes, particularly among URMs.
Methods
In May and June 2021, all 822 adult patients with IBD, medically homed at a tertiary IBD referral center and safety net hospital, and with access to the electronic patient portal, were sent an electronic survey assessing their attitudes regarding COVID-19 vaccination. An additional 115 without access to the patient portal were contacted by phone. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. The primary outcome was vaccination hesitancy, defined as: likely will become vaccinated later this year, but not immediately; unsure if they will get the vaccine; or do not want the vaccine. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of factors associated with vaccination intent.
Results
The mean age was 46.6 years (SD 15.1). 210/1029 patients responded to the survey: 150/822 (18.2%) electronically and 60/115 (52.2%) by phone. Overall vaccine hesitancy rate was 11.9%, significantly higher in younger (aOR for 10-year increments, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.90, p = 0.011), Hispanic (aOR, 7.67; 95% CI, 2.99–21.3, p < 0.0002), and Black patients (aOR, 3.52; 95% CI 1.11–11.1, p = 0.050). Safety concerns were the most cited reasons for vaccine hesitancy.
Conclusions
URM patients were more vaccine hesitant. Future studies should further explore factors leading to lower vaccination rates among these groups and strategies to improve COVID-19 vaccination rates.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10620-022-07413-y.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Vaccine, Vaccine hesitancy, Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, Underrepresented minorities, Healthcare disparities
Body of Paper
Background
The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread throughout the USA and across the world. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) carry the same risk of infection as the general population but may be at increased risk of severe disease [1–4]. Vaccinations were authorized for emergency use in the USA in December 2020 and February 2021, with full approval for one issued in August 2021. The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases recommends COVID-19 vaccination for all adults with IBD [5]. In a recent survey of patients with IBD, 81% of respondents received or were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine [6]. However, 89% had high educational attainment and 93% identified as White, while less than 5% were Black or of Hispanic ethnicity. In contrast, underrepresented minorities (URMs) historically have had lower vaccination rates due to higher prevalence of mistrust of healthcare institutions [7–14]. Notably, the CDC reported COVID vaccination rates from December 2020 to May 2021 were lower among socially vulnerable Americans such as non-Hispanic White persons, uninsured individuals, or people living in poverty [15]. Among patients with IBD, historical vaccination rates have also been below average, possibly due to concerns about vaccine efficacy and safety in patients on immunosuppressants [16–18]. URMs are also known to have higher rates of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 [19]. Such data suggest that URM patients with IBD will be among the most hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and consequently the most vulnerable to poor outcomes. To date, the rate of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among URM patients with IBD is unknown.
Methods
Patients were recruited from a local population of 1265 adult patients medically homed at the Boston Medical Center (Boston, MA) a tertiary IBD referral center and safety net hospital, identified by diagnosis codes for Crohn’s disease (ICD-10-CM K50), ulcerative colitis (ICD-10-CM K51), or indeterminate colitis (ICD-10-CM K52.3) obtained from the electronic medical record.
In May and June 2021, while the COVID-19 vaccines were under Emergency Use Authorization by the FDA, 822 patients were sent an electronic survey assessing their attitudes regarding COVID-19 vaccination via the electronic medical record’s patient portal, MyChart (Epic Systems Corp., Verona, WI). A total of 207 patients without access to the patient portal were contacted to complete the survey by phone.
Respondents were not provided reimbursement or other incentivization for completing the survey. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the electronic medical record (EMR). Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Boston University, CTSI 1UL1TR001430.19 [20]. The primary outcome was vaccination hesitancy, defined as: likely will become vaccinated later this year, but not immediately; unsure if they will get the vaccine; or do not want the vaccine. Chi-squared analyses were performed to determine which variables were most likely to be significant for multivariable logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression was then used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of factors associated with vaccination intent. Odds ratios along with 95% confidence intervals are reported. Analyses were performed using R with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Boston University Medical Campus and Boston Medical Center.
Results
Two hundred and ten of out 1029 participants completed the survey, with 150 responding electronically and 60 by phone. The electronic response rate was 150/822 (18.2%). Due to staffing limitations and the urgency of the pandemic, 207 of the 433 patients without access to MyChart were contacted by phone to complete the survey, of whom 60 (52.2%) completed the survey, 55 declined to participate, and 92 were not reached. The mean age was 46.6 years (standard deviation, 15.1).
Demographic and IBD characteristics are presented in Table 1. The overall vaccine hesitancy rate was 11.9%. Vaccine hesitancy was significantly higher in younger patients (aOR for 10-year increments, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.90, p = 0.011), Hispanic patients (27.8% vs. 6.4%, aOR, 7.67; 95% CI, 2.99–21.3, p < 0.0002), and Black patients (15.9% vs. 11.3%, aOR, 3.52; 95% CI 1.11–11.1, p = 0.050). Out of the Black patients, 79.5% had already received the vaccine, 4.5% “wanted to as soon as possible,” 9.1% said “not right away, but likely later in the year,” 4.5% were “undecided,” and 2.3% said “no.” Out of the Hispanic patients, 68.5% had already received the vaccine, 3.7% “wanted to as soon as possible,” 18.5% said “not right away, but likely later in the year,” 5.6% were “undecided,” and 3.7% said “no.” COVID-19 vaccine attitudes are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Patients not on biologics or immunomodulators (15.1% vs. 9.6%) and patients with lower educational attainment (14.1% vs. 4.3%) tended to have higher rates of hesitancy, but these comparisons were not statistically significant. The most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy were “concerns about adverse reactions” (72%), “the vaccine didn’t undergo necessary scrutiny and safety checks” (64%), and “the long-term safety of the COVID vaccine is unknown” (52%).
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| N = 210 (%) | |
|---|---|
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 46.6 ± 15.1 |
| Male | 76 (36.2%) |
| Hispanic | 54 (25.7%) |
| Race | |
| White | 160 (76.2%) |
| Black | 44 (21.0%) |
| Asian Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian | 5 (2.4%) |
| Other | 1 (0.48%) |
| Education Level | |
| No high school degree | 35 (16.7%) |
| High school graduate or GERD | 51 (24.3%) |
| Some college, vocational, or technical school | 30 (14.3%) |
| Graduated college | 47 (22.4%) |
| Not specified | 47 (22.4%) |
| Primary Language | |
| English | 165 (78.6%) |
| Spanish | 44 (21.0) |
| Cape Verdean/Port Creole | 1 (0.48%) |
| Biologics or Immunomodulators | 104 (49.5%) |
| Vaccinated for Influenza | 154 (73.3%) |
Table 2.
COVID-19 vaccine attitudes
| N = 210 (%) | |
|---|---|
| Not Vaccine Hesitant | 185 (88.10%) |
| Already vaccinated | 179 (85.23%) |
| Want to be vaccinated as soon as possible | 6 (2.86%) |
| Vaccine Hesitant | 25 (11.90%) |
| Likely will become vaccinated later this year, but not immediately | 12 (5.71%) |
| Unsure if they will get the vaccine | 7 (3.33%) |
| Do not want the vaccine | 6 (2.86%) |
| Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy | |
| Concerned about adverse reaction | 18 (72%) |
| Concerned vaccine could interfere with IBD medication efficacy | 11 (44%) |
| Concerned IBD med might make vaccination ineffective | 9 (36%) |
| Already had COVID | 3 (12%) |
| Negative experiences with last vaccine | 2 (8%) |
| Generally don’t take vaccines | 5 (20%) |
| Long-term safety of the COVID vaccine is unknown | 13 (52%) |
| Concerned vaccine didn’t undergo necessary scrutiny and safety checks | 16 (64%) |
| Personal history of allergic reaction | 1 (4%) |
| Prefer to watch how others tolerate the vaccine | 12 (48%) |
| What can IBD providers do to better inform you about COVID vaccines? | |
| Have a risk/benefit conversation about it | 11 (44%) |
| Provide handout information about the vaccine | 8 (32%) |
| Provide data about the efficacy among patients with IBD and other immune diseases | 10 (40%) |
| Provide data about vaccine efficacy/safety among patients with IBD | 9 (36%) |
| Nothing | 11 (44%) |
| Unsure | 2 (8%) |
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses
| % (fraction) | ORb (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Vaccine Hesitant | 11.9% (25/210) | |
| Agea* | 0.64c (0.46, 0.90) | |
| Vaccine Hesitant | 40.20 | |
| Not Hesitant | 47.55 | |
| Hesitancy by Ethnicity*** | 7.67 (2.99, 21.3) | |
| Hispanic | 27.8% (15/54) | |
| Not Hispanic | 6.4% (10/156) | |
| Hesitancy by Race* | 3.52 (1.12, 11.1) | |
| Black | 15.9% (7/44) | |
| White | 11.3% (18/160) | |
| Hesitancy by Education | ||
| Associate’s or lower | 14.1% (23/163) | |
| Bachelor’s or higher | 4.3% (2/47) | |
| Hesitancy by Treatment Regimen | ||
| Taking Biologic or Immunomodulator | 15.1% (15/106) | |
| Not Taking Biologic or Immunomodulator | 9.6% (10/104) |
Multivariate regression including age, ethnicity, race, and education
aMean age, years
bOR: odds ratio
cOdds ratio for ten-year age differences
*p < 0.05 in univariate and multivariate analyses
***p < 0.00001 in univariate and multivariate analyses
Discussion
COVID vaccination rates in parts of the USA continue to trail stated targets [21]. Our study demonstrates a lower overall rate of COVID-19 hesitancy compared to the prior study of patients with IBD (11.9% vs. 19%) [6], though the prior study was performed when vaccines were first approved for emergency use, whereas our study occurred months later, with many patients already vaccinated. Encouragingly, both populations had lower rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy than the country overall, in which up to 30% of adults remain vaccine hesitant [22]. The above represents a reversal of previous studies for other vaccines in IBD patients [16–18], the reasons for which are not immediately clear.
In our population, a relatively higher rate of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was observed among younger, Hispanic, and Black patients. Participants with lower educational attainment and those on biologics or immunomodulators also trended toward higher rates of hesitancy. The results are concordant with previous studies that showed higher vaccine hesitancy among URM patients [7–14]. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among URM patients with IBD appear to mirror those seen in non-IBD patients that self-identify with these groups. This distrust in healthcare institutions is due to current or prior negative experiences with health care providers, suspicion about prior racist study practices, belief that minority groups are underrepresented in validating research, and many other complex social and environmental factors.
Study strengths include a diverse study population. Limitations include small sample size, survey response bias, and low response rate that may overestimate vaccination intent.
Our study demonstrates higher rates of vaccine hesitancy among our URM population, mainly due to concerns about long-term safety. IBD providers should educate and advocate for their URM patients to ensure high uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among all their patients. A recent review provided a useful framework for addressing vaccine hesitancy, which employs an empathetic, informative, and decisive approach. Providers should validate concerns, reassuring that hesitancy is common; they should discuss the risks and benefits, using positive framing to emphasize the benefits of vaccination; and they should strongly recommend getting immunized [23]. The CDC also offers toolkits to help allay concerns and misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccines [24]. Future studies should explore the efficacy of various approaches to increasing COVID-19 vaccination, as well as other possible factors that lead to lower vaccination rates among these groups.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Funding
This publication was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Boston University Clinical & Translational Science Institute Grant Number 1UL1TR001430. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
Declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
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Contributor Information
Howard S. Herman, Email: howard.herman@bmc.org
Max P. Rosenthaler, Email: mprosent@bu.edu
Noon Elhassan, Email: noon001@bu.edu.
Janice M. Weinberg, Email: janicew@bu.edu
Venkata R. Satyam, Email: Venkata.Satyam@bmc.org
Sharmeel K. Wasan, Email: Sharmeel.Wasan@bmc.org
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