Abstract
Aims
We conducted a multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention for elderly Alzheimer Disease patients and their caregivers to improve their quality of life.
Design
Randomized controlled trial.
Methods
From June to June in 2019, 150 Alzheimer Disease patients were randomly selected from a nursing home in Zhejiang province of China, they were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group. And they were given comprehensive and routine interventions respectively for six months. We used mixed models in our analyses to see how outcomes changed over time and how they were affected by the intervention, which could also solve the problems of missing values and data correlation.
Results
After six months, compared with the control group, the communication ability, housework handling ability, self‐care ability and life quality of the patients in the intervention group were improved, and the quality of life and caring ability of their caregivers were also significantly improved.
Conclusion
The multi‐sectoral collaborative care model proposed in this study integrated resources from several departments, effectively improved the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, and provided a way of care services for patients with Alzheimer Disease.
Impact
Multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention would improve the life quality of elderly patients with Alzheimer Disease and their caregivers.
Keywords: Alzheimer Disease, caregivers, elderly, mixed models, nursing intervention
1. INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by cognitive and physical decline, which is mainly characterized by memory impairment and daily living ability decline, which is the most common type of dementia (Association, 2015). The prevalence among the elderly is higher which poses a great threat to the health of the elderly, and it has become a serious public health problem worldwide. According to the world health organization, there are 46.8 million AD patients and the number will be 131.5 million by 2050 in the world (Association, 2015). In the present study, we conducted a multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention for elderly AD patients and their caregivers to improve their quality of life.
2. BACKGROUND
China is facing a huge challenge of population ageing. By the end of 2014, there were about 137 million people aged 65 and above, the number of AD elderly people has ranked the first in the world, and the number of patients is still increasing year by year (Chan KY et al., 2013). With the progression of AD, the cognitive function of patients continues to decline, leading to the loss of self‐care ability. Patients with AD need special care, which would have a significant impact on life quality. Some of the patients show obvious mental behaviour abnormalities, such as anxiety, delusion, irritability, aggression, which also increases the mental and economic burden of the family.
AD is not curable, but intervention in early‐stage is more effective (Pedro Carmona et al.,2016). It starts insidiously and aggravates memory disorder slowly, and is often ignored and considered as a normal ageing phenomenon. Patients often delay early diagnosis and treatment. A number of studies have shown that early intervention for AD patients could control the cognitive function impairment better, reduce the functional and behavioural disorders, and prolong the time of patients' self‐care (Association, 2015).
The severity of AD clinical symptoms is closely related to its nursing effect. In China, nursing care intervention of AD patients is still in its infancy, we mainly pay attention to the clinical care for symptoms, and the rehabilitation is not enough, the life quality of patients with AD has also not been given enough attention (Barton et al., 2016). AD patients' caregivers usually lack nursing and rehabilitation knowledge of AD, most of them also lack social support. Nursing work serious affects their life quality.
In the present study, we conducted a multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention (MSI) for elderly AD patients and their caregivers to improve their life quality. The theories supporting the development of the intervention were that MSI members had rich experience in geriatric disease diagnosis and treatment and they cooperated with the staff of the nursing homes. They not only had a clear work purpose but also helped each other to coordinate and utilized the resources of all parties to the greatest extent, so as to optimize the cooperation. The care model could provide guidance and development of care technology for AD patients in nursing homes, and also could maximize the quality of care for AD patients. At the same time, online real‐time communication among MSI members could timely understand the demand characteristics and dynamic changes of AD patients and their caregivers, provide professional opinions, further improve the service level and service consistency of the care team, which could improve the quality of care.
We used several scales to evaluate the effect of intervention and compared it with the conventional care model, the scales we used included mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), activities of daily living questionnaire (ADLQ), quality of life Alzheimer's disease (QOL‐AD), neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (Zarit).
Repeated measurements from patients were likely to be more similar to each other, so we chose mixed models to solve the problem of data correlation. Meanwhile, using mixed models, reasonably valid estimates of treatment effects could often be obtained even when the missing values were not completely random and additional methods for handling missing data, such as multiple imputations, were generally not required (Detry and Ma, 2016).
3. METHODS
3.1. Aims
The aim of the study was to conduct a multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention for elderly Alzheimer Disease patients and their caregivers to improve their quality of life.
3.2. Design
This study was a randomized controlled trial, and the random effect optimization model was used to calculate the sample size, and relevant parameters were set (primary outcome was QOL‐AD score, test level was 0.05, power was 98%). The sample size was calculated to be about 58 cases, and the final sample size was 75 cases in the intervention group and the control group respectively, which was taking into account the situation of dropouts. On the basis of the previous project, and considering the convenience of the intervention project implementation, 150 AD patients were randomly selected from a nursing home in Zhejiang province from June 12 to June 28 in 2019, and they were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group with 75 cases each.
The random sampling of the patients was performed by a blinded research leader. After baseline assessments, patients were divided into two groups by the same blinded research leader. The research leader generated the random allocation sequence and assigned participants to interventions, physicians and nurses enrolled participants. Random allocation sequence was generated by random numbers tables, all patients were randomly selected by the researchers and assigned to each group using random number tables.
3.3. Participants
3.3.1. Inclusion criteria
Subjects aged 65 years or more, who were diagnosed as AD by NIA‐AA criteria, lived in the selected nursing homes and agreed with participating in the project. We got informed consent from the participants and their family or legal guardians.
3.3.2. Exclusion criteria
Subjects with consciousness disorders, serious suicidal tendency, deaf, unable to communicate, serious disability that unable to participate in activities. Criteria for suspension: patients or their families are unwilling to continue to participate in the study, patients with severe physical diseases after enrolment, and other reasons for violation of this study, such as leaving nursing homes.
3.3.3. Termination criteria
Patients with sudden cerebrovascular or cardiovascular events or other severe unexpected responses not related to the intervention.
3.4. Intervention protocol
The intervention was carried out for six months (from July 2019–December 2019). The control group was given routine intervention treatment in accordance with medical advice, which mainly including of drug intervention and health education, and their caregivers were given basic health consultation services. The intervention group was given multi‐sectoral cooperative care model intervention in addition to routine intervention, and their caregivers were given systematic training besides health consultation services. A multi‐sectoral cooperative medical team was set up to conduct a comprehensive intervention on the intervention group, including neurologists, nurses, patients’ caregivers, family members, rehabilitation therapists and social workers. According to the individual characteristics of the participants, the nursing goals and plans were formulated and implemented. The principle of care was to help patients maintain and improve their functions through daily living ability training, cognitive training, rehabilitation exercise and other activities. Meanwhile, special training was given to caregivers including the nursing knowledge for AD patients and ways to relieve the psychological pressure.
Multi‐sectoral cooperative comprehensive intervention was mainly divided into five parts: (a) Self‐care training: In order to slow down the functional degradation of patients, maintain and enhance the existing life skills of patients, provide certain sensory stimulation, activities including dressing up, folding clothes, making delicious food were conducted, which were led by caregivers through daily life. (b) Exercise rehabilitation: The main purpose was to enhance the physical activity of patients. The activities mainly included simple stretching exercises, walking. Patients in wheelchairs could do hand exercises. Activities were conducted by physical therapists twice a week. (c) Cognitive memory: In order to maintain patients' memory, exercise concentration and maintain the cognition of surrounding things, activities including text matching and other games were conducted by rehabilitation therapists two to four times a week. (d) Social interest: To exercise patients' hand‐brain coordination ability, provide sensory stimulation and social opportunities, and maintain the familiarity with the outside world, the activities including writing calligraphy, finger painting, reading newspapers and so on were conducted by nursing staffs four to five times a week. (e) Nursing training: For the patients’ caregivers, rehabilitation therapists and nurses gave them systematic training about self‐health knowledge and problem behaviour processing skills, combined with the mental behaviour problems treatment, in order to reduce the pressure of caregivers and improve their nursing ability.
3.5. Data collection
3.5.1. Randomization and blinding
After collecting the baseline data, all patients were divided into either an intervention group or the control group by coded randomizations by an independent person. SAS package 9.4 was used to produce computerized random number. An independent, blinded statistician who was not involved in the research process prepared and managed the random number table. In the treatment process, subjects were divided into two groups. Intervention group and the control group did not know which group they were in. None of the MSI numbers participated in data analysis.
3.5.2. Measured variables
The study was conducted in nursing homes. The demographic information was obtained from subjects and caregivers at the beginning, including age, areas of residence, education, occupation, family income, and health behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and illness history. Physical examinations performed by trained nurses including height and weight.
Tests and scales including MMSE, CDR, ADLQ, QOL‐AD were carried out to evaluate the intervention effects well and comprehensively. MMSE was an accurate and rapid reflection of the mental state and the degree of cognitive impairment of the subjects. We could understand the intervention effect better by the MMSE scores which were compared between the two groups. The ADLQ scale mainly measured the dependence of AD patients on daily living activities. The QOL‐AD scale was filled by patients and caregivers respectively, and the higher the score, the higher the quality of life. CDR collected the information obtained by doctors through talking with patients and their families, which was refined to complete the assessment of the cognitive impairment degree of patients. The Zarit caregiving burden scale, caregiving ability scale and functional social support scale mainly evaluated the caregiver's care burden, care ability and functional social support ability respectively. The total score of Zarit scale was 88 points, and the higher the score, the heavier the burden of caring. All of the tests were administered and scored by specifically trained psychiatrists. Follow‐up evaluation was conducted in the 6th month. All of the information were collected by trained nurses.
MMSE scale was simple and easy to use, which including of time orientation, location orientation, immediate memory, attention and computation, delayed memory, language, visual space. MMSE scored below 20 among the illiterate (among participants with primary school education level (1–6 years) or below 27 among participants with middle school or higher education level (>7 years) were considered as positive results (Chan et al., 2013). ADLQ mainly measured the degree of dependence on daily life activities of AD patients, which was divided into six parts, including self‐care, housework, leisure activities and so on. The higher the scores, the higher the degree of dependence on daily life activities. QOL‐AD scale was filled out by patients and caregivers, respectively, and 13 aspects including physical health status, memory, overall feeling of oneself and life status of patients and caregivers were assessed. Higher scores indicated higher life quality.
3.6. Ethical considerations
The protocol of this study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Hospital. The study was also conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (World Medical Association, 1964). Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) recommendations (Moher et al., 2012; Pandis et al. 2017) were followed when preparing the research protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from patients and their families and they were informed about the potential benefits, risks, alternatives and responsibilities during the study by the main researchers. If older people with AD unable to give valid consent, written informed consent was obtained from participants’ legal representatives prior to the inclusion. The trial and experimental protocols were approved by the institutional review board of Zhejiang hospital and registered (ChiCTR1900023777, date of registration: June 11, 2019). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The conduct of the study was monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring committee. We confirmed that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are registered.
3.7. Data analysis
Epidata 3.0 was used for data entry and validation and SAS 9.4 for data management and analysis. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants were summarized using frequencies (percentages) or means and standard deviations, and they were compared by the Student's t‐test and χ2 test, respectively. Significance level was set at p <.05 for all hypothesis tests.
We used mixed models in our analyses to see how outcomes changed over time and how they were affected by the intervention. The model included fixed effects for the intervention group, time of measurement, and the model was adjusted by some baseline characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, and so on. An interaction term between intervention group/control group and time was also included to determine if the two interventions led to different recovery trajectories over time. In addition, the model included a random effect for the baseline value, addressing the variability in the starting point for each patient.
3.8. Validity and reliability
MMSE, CDR scale has been widely used in many countries and region, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity had been highly affirmed. ADLQ scale has been verified by Johnson et al. (Johnson et al., 2004), which has high reliability and validity with the Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.96, and it is 0.73 in this study. Zhang Huimin et al. translated QOL‐AD scale into Chinese version with Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.835, and it was 0.814 and 0.717 in this study for patients and caregivers respectively (Liu FL, 2012).
4. RESULTS
4.1. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants
From June 12–June 28 2019, 150 subjects were recruited, with 75 cases in intervention group and the control group, respectively. After six months of intervention (July 2019–December 2019), 10 cases were excluded from intervention group: one was severe physical illness, four were leaving nursing homes, and five refused. 14 cases were excluded from control group, two were severe physical illness, four were leaving nursing homes, eight refused. A total of 126 subjects were included in the final analysis, 65 in intervention group and 61 in control group (response rate was 84.0%) (Figure 1). There were no heterogeneities between the excluded patients and the included patients.
FIGURE 1.
Flowchart of enrollment of participants in the study
Table 1 presents baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. A total of 126 patients with AD completed the study, 65 in the intervention group and 61 in the control group. The average age of the subjects was 85.36 years, and there were more female compared with male (96 & 30, p < .0001). There were 31.71% Illiterates, 68.85% blue‐collar workers, 71.31% living alone, and there were only 15.08% having drug use for AD. Many of the included participants had cardio‐cerebral vascular disease, 65.32% had hypertension, 21.77% had diabetes, 20.97% had a stroke, and 38.71% had coronary heart disease. The average BMI was 20.97. The two groups did not differ significantly in age (p = .65), gender (p = .14), educational level (p = .49), profession before retired (p = .74), state of marriage (p = .08) and other characteristics (Table 1).
TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups
| Characteristics | Total group (N = 126) | Control (N = 61) | Intervention (N = 65) | t/X2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean ± SD (years) | 85.36 ± 6.62 | 85.64 ± 6.31 | 85.11 ± 6.93 | 0.45 | .65 |
| Gender, N(%) | 2.20 | .14 | |||
| Female | 96 (76.19) | 50 (81.97) | 46 (70.77) | ||
| Male | 30 (23.81) | 11 (18.03) | 19 (29.23) | ||
| Educational level N(%) | 2.42 | .49 | |||
| Illiterate (<1 year) | 39 (31.71) | 16 (27.12) | 23 (35.94) | ||
| Primary (1–6 years) | 38 (30.89) | 22 (37.29) | 16 (25.00) | ||
| Middle (7–12 years) | 21 (17.07) | 10 (16.95) | 11 (17.19) | ||
| High (>13 years) | 25 (20.33) | 11 (18.64) | 14 (21.88) | ||
| Profession | 0.60 | .74 | |||
| Housewife or inoccupation | 8 (6.56) | 4 (6.90) | 4 (6.25) | ||
| Blue collar workers | 84 (68.85) | 38 (65.52) | 46 (71.88) | ||
| White collar workers | 30 (24.59) | 16 (27.59) | 14 (21.88) | ||
| State of marriage, N(%) | 3.06 | .08 | |||
| Married | 35 (28.69) | 21 (36.21) | 14 (21.88) | ||
| living alone | 87 (71.31) | 37 (63.79) | 50 (78.13) | ||
| Medical history, N(%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 81 (65.32) | 36 (61.02) | 45 (69.23) | 0.92 | .34 |
| Diabetes | 27 (21.77) | 12 (20.34) | 15 (23.08) | 0.14 | .71 |
| Stroke | 26 (20.97) | 10 (16.95) | 16 (24.62) | 1.11 | .29 |
| Coronary heart disease | 48 (38.71) | 22 (37.29) | 26 (40.00) | 0.10 | .76 |
| Lifestyle habits, N(%) | |||||
| Cigarette smoking | 13 (10.48) | 6 (10.17) | 7 (10.77) | 0.01 | .91 |
| Alcohol drinking | 7 (5.65) | 3 (5.08) | 4 (6.15) | 0.07 | .8 |
| BMI, Mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 20.97 ± 8.58 | 20.41 ± 9.94 | 21.49 ± 7.14 | 0.69 | .5 |
| Medication use for dementia, N(%) | 19 (15.08) | 6 (9.84) | 13 (20.00) | 2.60 | .11 |
4.2. Primary outcomes for the intervention and control groups at baseline, third month, and sixth month
The control group was given conventional drug intervention and basic health education, and the intervention group was given multi‐sectoral intensive intervention in addition to conventional intervention. The assessment was conducted at baseline and the 6th month. Table 2 showed that the effects of interventions in the two groups both had some degrees of improvement. In the intervention group, except for the scores of the judgement and the ability to solve the problem, the scores all improved. And in the control group, in addition to the orientation force and self‐care ability, the scores improved (all, p < .005). In the ADL scale, except for shopping ability, the intervention group showed improvement in self‐care ability, housework and leisure ability, and communication ability (all, p < .005), while the control group showed improvement in self‐care ability, housework and leisure ability (p < .005). For the NPI scale, the control group showed improvement in patients and their caregivers, but no effect was found in the intervention group. In the MMSE scale evaluation, orientation, memory, attention and calculation ability of the intervention group and the control group were all decreased (all, p < .005), while the communication ability of the intervention group was improved (p < .05). Both the QOL and Zarit scales for patient caregivers showed significant improvement in the intervention group and the control group (Table 2).
TABLE 2.
Primary outcomes for the intervention and control groups at baseline, third month and sixth month
| Group | Outcomes | Score, mean (SD) | F | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6th Month | ||||
| Intervention | MMSE (patients) | 12.68 ± 6.53 | 12.63 ± 5.56 | 0.01 | .99 |
| Orientation | 4.52 ± 2.78 | 4.98 ± 2.62 | 4.8 | .2 | |
| Memory | 1.58 ± 1.13 | 1.83 ± 1.11 | 2.85 | .06 | |
| Attention and numeracy | 1.09 ± 1.41 | 1.18 ± 1.38 | 1.3 | .28 | |
| Recollections | 0.95 ± 1.12 | 0.82 ± 1.07 | 2.21 | .11 | |
| Communication | 4.52 ± 2.06 | 5.82 ± 2.18 | 4.23 | .017 | |
| CDR (patients) | 1.72 ± 0.88 | 1.85 ± 0.89 | 7.43 | .0009 | |
| Memory | 1.65 ± 0.96 | 1.67 ± 0.93 | 8.64 | .3 | |
| Orientation | 1.58 ± 0.94 | 1.65 ± 0.88 | 9.23 | .2 | |
| Judging and solving problems | 1.60 ± 0.98 | 1.75 ± 0.88 | 1.84 | .16 | |
| Social affairs | 1.82 ± 1.00 | 1.87 ± 0.93 | 3.73 | .027 | |
| Family affairs | 1.88 ± 1.03 | 2.32 ± 0.83 | 6.11 | .003 | |
| Self‐care ability | 1.45 ± 0.86 | 1.68 ± 0.92 | 8.27 | .0004 | |
| ADL (patients) | 53.14 ± 9.16 | 56.63 ± 10.79 | 7.75 | .0003 | |
| Self‐care ability | 9.23 ± 4.60 | 11.97 ± 4.72 | 5.56 | .004 | |
| Housework and Leisure activities | 14.62 ± 3.48 | 16.08 ± 2.39 | 14.76 | <.0001 | |
| Shopping and consumption | 17.49 ± 1.99 | 17.23 ± 2.04 | 1.57 | .21 | |
| Communication | 8.57 ± 2.96 | 11.29 ± 2.74 | 8.17 | .0005 | |
| NPI | |||||
| Severity of symptom (patients) | 3.38 ± 3.92 | 3.68 ± 4.24 | 0.21 | .81 | |
| Degree of distress (caregivers) | 1.72 ± 2.87 | 1.02 ± 1.74 | 1.7 | .19 | |
| QOL‐AD (patients) | 26.48 ± 10.51 | 29.73 ± 9.14 | 2.16 | 12 | |
| QOL‐AD (caregivers) | 1.72 ± 2.87 | 1.85 ± 1.74 | 8.02 | .003 | |
| Zarit (caregivers) | 28.10 ± 15.05 | 17.51 ± 10.92 | 11.47 | <.0001 | |
| Evaluation of care ability (caregivers) | 57.13 ± 17.82 | 61.40 ± 16.44 | 1.41 | .25 | |
| Evaluation of functional social support (caregivers) | 57.94 ± 15.76 | 55.31 ± 19.28 | 2.08 | .13 | |
| Control | MMSE (patients) | 15.44 ± 7.82 | 12.18 ± 7.68 | 26.28 | <.0001 |
| Orientation | 5.28 ± 3.44 | 4.02 ± 3.51 | 15.18 | <.0001 | |
| Memory | 1.77 ± 1.07 | 1.49 ± 1.16 | 2.7 | .07 | |
| Attention and numeracy | 1.39 ± 1.58 | 1.05 ± 1.38 | 2.38 | .098 | |
| Recollections | 1.23 ± 1.19 | 0.62 ± 0.99 | 8.14 | .0005 | |
| Communication | 5.77 ± 2.36 | 5.00 ± 2.39 | 9.01 | .0003 | |
| CDR (patients) | 1.41 ± 0.92 | 1.71 ± 0.96 | 14.63 | <.0001 | |
| Memory | 1.39 ± 0.85 | 1.68 ± 0.89 | 9.37 | .0002 | |
| Orientation | 1.29 ± 1.02 | 1.47 ± 1.10 | 10.03 | .1 | |
| Judging and solving problems | 1.35 ± 0.99 | 1.65 ± 0.95 | 7.95 | .0006 | |
| Social affairs | 1.50 ± 1.04 | 1.74 ± 1.04 | 4.78 | .0104 | |
| Family affairs | 1.51 ± 1.02 | 1.77 ± 1.07 | 5.44 | .0057 | |
| Self‐care ability | 1.07 ± 1.13 | 1.26 ± 1.05 | 1.92 | .152 | |
| ADL (patients) | 37.23 ± 21.34 | 39.56 ± 19.69 | 5.18 | .001 | |
| Self‐care ability | 6.07 ± 6.29 | 7.77 ± 6.85 | 15.68 | <.0001 | |
| Housework and Leisure activities | 11.86 ± 5.89 | 12.62 ± 5.02 | 8.67 | .0003 | |
| Shopping and consumption | 12.85 ± 6.58 | 12.03 ± 5.21 | 0.49 | .36 | |
| Communication | 6.43 ± 4.51 | 7.13 ± 4.94 | 23.93 | .08 | |
| NPI | |||||
| Severity of symptom (patients) | 1.78 ± 2.76 | 4.22 ± 5.15 | 9.11 | .0003 | |
| Degree of distress (caregivers) | 1.23 ± 2.30 | 3.34 ± 4.48 | 7.47 | .001 | |
| QOL‐AD (patients) | 29.88 ± 7.22 | 24.80 ± 8.48 | 11.4 | <.0001 | |
| QOL‐AD (caregivers) | 1.23 ± 2.30 | 2.34 ± 4.48 | 4.25 | .02 | |
| Zarit (caregivers) | 29.50 ± 16.57 | 32.69 ± 15.55 | 0.2 | .82 | |
| Evaluation of care ability (caregivers) | 52.83 ± 14.79 | 39.00 ± 17.41 | 8.95 | .0004 | |
| Evaluation of functional social support (caregivers) | 54.40 ± 17.09 | 54.73 ± 21.28 | 0.25 | .78 | |
4.3. Comparison of primary outcomes between intervention and control groups
After six months’ interventions, the intervention group was given multi‐sectoral collaborative intervention on the basis of routine intervention to improve the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the patients' communication ability, family affairs processing ability, self‐care ability, and housework and leisure activities were significantly improved by the intensive intervention (Table 3). Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the quality of life, caring ability and functional social support of the caregivers in the intervention group were also improved. The burden on caregivers had decreased (Table 3).
TABLE 3.
Comparison of primary outcomes between intervention and control groups
| Outcomes | Group | Score, mean (SD) | Mean difference | F | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6th Month | |||||
| MMSE (patients) | Intervention | 12.68 ± 6.53 | 12.63 ± 5.56 | −0.05 | 0.45 | .5 |
| Control | 15.44 ± 7.82 | 12.18 ± 7.68 | −3.26 | |||
| Orientation | Intervention | 4.52 ± 2.78 | 4.98 ± 2.62 | 0.46 | 1.62 | .11 |
| Control | 5.28 ± 3.44 | 4.02 ± 3.51 | −1.26 | |||
| Memory | Intervention | 1.58 ± 1.13 | 1.83 ± 1.11 | 0.25 | 0.44 | .51 |
| Control | 1.77 ± 1.07 | 1.49 ± 1.16 | −0.28 | |||
| Attention and numeracy | Intervention | 1.09 ± 1.41 | 1.18 ± 1.38 | 0.09 | 2.4 | .09 |
| Control | 1.39 ± 1.58 | 1.05 ± 1.38 | −0.34 | |||
| Recollections | Intervention | 0.95 ± 1.12 | 0.82 ± 1.07 | −0.13 | 0.001 | .99 |
| Control | 1.23 ± 1.19 | 0.62 ± 0.99 | −0.61 | |||
| Communication | Intervention | 4.52 ± 2.06 | 5.82 ± 2.18 | 1.30 | 2.29 | .03 |
| Control | 5.77 ± 2.36 | 5.00 ± 2.39 | −0.77 | |||
| CDR (patients) | Intervention | 1.72 ± 0.88 | 1.85 ± 0.89 | 0.13 | 1.62 | .21 |
| Control | 1.41 ± 0.92 | 1.71 ± 0.96 | 0.30 | |||
| Memory | Intervention | 1.65 ± 0.96 | 1.67 ± 0.93 | 0.02 | 1.15 | .29 |
| Control | 1.39 ± 0.85 | 1.68 ± 0.89 | 0.29 | |||
| Orientation | Intervention | 1.58 ± 0.94 | 1.65 ± 0.88 | 0.07 | 0.88 | .35 |
| Control | 1.29 ± 1.02 | 1.47 ± 1.10 | 0.18 | |||
| Judging and solving problems | Intervention | 1.60 ± 0.98 | 1.75 ± 0.88 | 0.15 | 0.53 | .47 |
| Control | 1.35 ± 0.99 | 1.65 ± 0.95 | 0.30 | |||
| Social affairs | Intervention | 1.82 ± 1.00 | 1.87 ± 0.93 | 0.05 | 1.91 | .17 |
| Control | 1.50 ± 1.04 | 1.74 ± 1.04 | 0.24 | |||
| Family affairs | Intervention | 1.88 ± 1.03 | 2.32 ± 0.83 | 0.44 | 5.16 | .03 |
| Control | 1.51 ± 1.02 | 1.77 ± 1.07 | 0.26 | |||
| Self‐care ability | Intervention | 1.45 ± 0.86 | 1.68 ± 0.92 | 0.23 | 10.14 | .0019 |
| Control | 1.07 ± 1.13 | 1.26 ± 1.05 | 0.19 | |||
| ADL(patients) | Intervention | 53.14 ± 9.16 | 56.63 ± 10.79 | 3.49 | 3.13 | 0.04 |
| Control | 37.23 ± 21.34 | 39.56 ± 19.69 | 2.33 | |||
| Self‐care ability | Intervention | 9.23 ± 4.60 | 11.97 ± 4.72 | 2.74 | 7.76 | .023 |
| Control | 6.07 ± 6.29 | 7.77 ± 6.85 | 1.70 | |||
| Housework and Leisure activities | Intervention | 14.62 ± 3.48 | 16.08 ± 2.39 | 1.46 | 3.49 | .004 |
| Control | 11.86 ± 5.89 | 12.62 ± 5.02 | 0.76 | |||
| Shopping and consumption | Intervention | 17.49 ± 1.99 | 17.23 ± 2.04 | −0.26 | 2.87 | .1 |
| Control | 12.85 ± 6.58 | 12.03 ± 5.21 | −0.82 | |||
| Communication | Intervention | 8.57 ± 2.96 | 11.29 ± 2.74 | 2.72 | 4.33 | .04 |
| Control | 6.43 ± 4.51 | 7.13 ± 4.94 | 0.70 | |||
| NPI | ||||||
| Severity of symptom (patients) | Intervention | 3.38 ± 3.92 | 3.68 ± 4.24 | 0.30 | 0.02 | .89 |
| Control | 1.78 ± 2.76 | 4.22 ± 5.15 | 2.44 | |||
| Degree of distress (caregivers) | Intervention | 1.72 ± 2.87 | 1.85 ± 1.74 | 0.13 | 1.36 | .2 |
| Control | 1.23 ± 2.30 | 2.34 ± 4.48 | 1.11 | |||
| QOL‐AD (patients) | Intervention | 26.48 ± 10.51 | 29.73 ± 9.14 | 3.25 | 1.17 | .28 |
| Control | 29.88 ± 7.22 | 24.80 ± 8.48 | −5.08 | |||
| QOL‐AD (caregivers) | Intervention | 25.63 ± 10.60 | 31.95 ± 7.55 | 6.32 | 8.08 | .005 |
| Control | 27.29 ± 7.56 | 24.58 ± 7.57 | −2.71 | |||
| Zarit (caregivers) | Intervention | 28.10 ± 15.05 | 17.51 ± 10.92 | −10.59 | 13.75 | .0004 |
| Control | 29.50 ± 16.57 | 32.69 ± 15.55 | 3.19 | |||
| Care ability (caregivers) | Intervention | 57.13 ± 17.82 | 61.40 ± 16.44 | 4.27 | 31.84 | <.0001 |
| Control | 52.83 ± 14.79 | 39.00 ± 17.41 | −13.83 | |||
| Functional social support (caregivers) | Intervention | 57.94 ± 15.76 | 55.31 ± 19.28 | −2.63 | 0.001 | .99 |
| Control | 54.40 ± 17.09 | 54.73 ± 21.28 | 0.33 | |||
5. DISCUSSION
With the acceleration of ageing process, China has become the country with the largest number of AD patients and the fastest growth rate in the world. AD patients' memory, judgement, attention and other abilities are impaired, which affecting their ability to understand and communicate, and reducing the quality of their life. The standard treatment for improving cognition of AD participants consists of anti‐AD drugs, even though this typical treatment has shown limited efficacy (Jorge Alves et al., 2013; Pepeu et al., 2010), therefore, nonpharmacological interventions have been considered as a complementary option of intervention (Olazara et al., 2004). Several studies had shown that the intervention of AD patients might be helpful. Clare's team showed that cognitive rehabilitation could produce significant improvements in ratings of goal performance and satisfaction (Clare L et al., 2010), and Lowenstein's team showed improvements in patients’ task performance after cognitive training (Loewenstein DA et al., 2004). Maria Dolores Onieva‐Zafra, 2018.confirmed the valuable effect of music therapy and reminiscence therapy together with reality orientation techniques on depression in patients with mild Alzheimer disease (Maria Dolores et al., 2018).
Effective nursing interventions can delay the progress of AD patients, reduce medical and care costs, and improve the quality of life of patients (Bernard et al., 2016). Caring for people with AD is a long‐term process and includes many challenges for caregivers. Caregivers face a variety of demands over time while caring for people with AD (Jones et al.,2017; Largent, 2019; Anne et al., 2016), and they often have feelings of anxiety, disappointment, depression, depression, apathy, and often have low life quality. But there were few studies about it. In this study, we focussed on the intervention ways not only for the patients with AD, but also for their caregivers. And we used mixed‐effect model to analyse the intervention effect. The advantage of the linear mixed‐effect model is the ability to use all available longitudinal data, including the data from dropouts (Hallikainen et al., 2018). The mixed‐effect model can also solve the problem of correlation at different time points. After six months’ short‐term intervention, patients in the intervention group and the control group showed improved self‐care ability, leisure activity ability, and the quality of life of patients in both groups was improved to some degrees. Compared with the control group, the communication ability, housework handling ability, self‐care ability and life quality of the patients in the intervention group were improved. The quality of life and caring ability of the caregivers in the intervention group were significantly enhanced, and the care burden reduced. However, there was no significant improvement in patients' directivity, memory and computing ability through intervention, which was similar to the results of Anne's team (Anne M. K et al., 2016).
The life ability of AD patients was significantly correlated with the life quality of patients and was affected by many factors. Cognitive status, age, other diseases and nutritional status might all affect the life ability of patients (Floriane et al., 2013). In this study, patients were provided with rehabilitation and nursing intervention through multi‐sectoral cooperation mode, which could maximize the promotion and retention of their daily living activities, reduce their dependence on daily living activities, slow down the occurrence of disability, and improve the self‐care ability and life quality of AD patients.
Previous cross‐sectional studies showed that irritability and agitation were the primary contributors to overall AD caregivers’ burden (Alzheimer's Association, 2015). Timely intervention for patient caregivers could relieve their tension and anxiety (Wood and Jeffrey, 1999). The ability of caregivers also directly affected the life quality of patients. This study found that after 36 hr of systematic training, caregivers' ability of care was improved, especially their ability identifying and dealing with behavioural and mental problems of AD was significantly improved. Meanwhile, the stress management and adjustment ability of caregivers were also enhanced, and the psychological and emotional support degree was increased. And the quality and satisfaction of patients' care were improved.
6. LIMITATIONS
There were several limitations. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small and the intervention time was short. The selected subjects were mostly old patients with severe AD. Secondly, we didn't collect the baseline information of caregivers. Thirdly, there was potential contamination of the control group and intervention group given by they were living in the same nursing home. Therefore, a larger scale, longer period of study, including more information and carried out in multicenter are needed in the further.
7. CONCLUSIONS
As the ageing process accelerates, the number of AD patients is increasing. The health status of AD patients and their caregivers affects each other, improving the quality of their life is an urgent problem to be solved in the ageing society. Practitioners should ascertain the patient's and caregiver's well‐being in collaboration with the patients and the caregivers. The multi‐sectoral collaborative care model proposed in this study integrated resources from several departments effectively improved the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, and provided a way of nursing care services for patients with AD and their caregivers.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Substantial contributions to conception and design were JIN Xiaoqing, YAN Jing. Acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data was ZHENG Pinpin, XUAN Cheng. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content was YANG Li. All authors have agreed on the final version and meet at least one of the following criteria (recommended by the ICMJE [https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/]): substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank all the participants, patients, and professionals, who made this study possible
Yang L, Xuan C, Yu C, Jin X, Zheng P, Yan J. Effects of comprehensive intervention on life quality among the elderly with Alzheimer Disease and their caregivers based on mixed models. Nurs Open. 2022;9:1412–1422. 10.1002/nop2.917
Yang li, Xuan Cheng contributed equally to this work
Trial Registration: China Clinical Trial Registration Center (CciCTR), Registration number: ChiCTR1900023777 (June 11, 2019).
Funding information
This study was supported by Project supported by the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (81803314), General project of Medical Science and Technology in Zhejiang province (2019KY001), General project of Medical Science and Technology in Zhejiang province (2018KY193).
Contributor Information
Pinpin Zheng, Email: zpinpin@shmu.edu.cn.
Jing Yan, Email: phoebe84331@163.com.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.