Abstract
Introduction:
Acute poisoning causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is scarce of information on acute poisoning in the study area.
Objective:
To assess treatment outcome and the associated factors among patients admitted with acute poisoning at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted. All acutely poisoned patients who had been admitted at the emergency department of Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study were included. Data were collected by review of medical records. Poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning was defined as the acutely poisoned patient was died, or survived with disability. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the outcome of acute poisoning.
Result:
A total of 175 patient’s medical records were reviewed. Of these, 150 patient’s medical records had complete information and were included in the final analysis. The majority of participants 89 (59.3%) were in the age group of 19–37 years. More than half of the participants 86 (57.3%) were females. Organophosphate was the most poisoning agent encountered in 62 cases. Acetaminophen was the predominant drug poisoning agent encountered in 10 participants. Among 30 patients managed with antidote, 18 patients were treated with atropine for organophosphate poisoning. Of all the poisoning cases admitted during the study period, 16.7% died. Participants who were poisoned by themselves were 2.4 times more likely to have poor treatment outcomes than those who were poisoned accidentally: 2.44 (95% confidence interval: 1.10–5.42). The odd of having poor treatment outcome in participants who were poisoned by drugs was 2.13 more likely: 2.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.21–3.32).
Conclusion:
Organophosphate was the predominant cause of acute poisoning encountered in 62 cases. The modes of poisoning and drug poisoning were significant risk factors associated with poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning.
Keywords: Outcome, poisoning, treatment, Eastern Ethiopia
Introduction
Acute poisoning is a common reason for visits to emergency departments and hospitalizations as well as a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. World health organization (WHO) data of 2016 showed that, worldwide, approximately 106,683 people died due to unintentional poisoning. 1 There were an estimated 385 million unintentional acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP) cases worldwide including around 11,000 fatalities. The greatest estimated number of UAPP cases was in southern Asia, followed by southeastern Asia and east Africa with regards to nonfatal UAPP. 2 In Africa, there were an estimated 7800 deaths per year as a result of intentional self-poisoning with pesticides. In addition, snake bite causes between 1400 and 10,000 deaths in eastern sub-Saharan Africa. 3 In Ethiopia, evidence from hospital-based studies revealed that acute poisoning is common and an important clinical emergency with a varying case fatality rate, ranging from 1.5% to 18.6%.4–11
Even though acute poisoning is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the extent of the problem, the situations of exposure, and the types of poisoning differ from country to country.4,12,13 The impact of acute poisoning is well documented in most developed countries. The Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) data, gathered by the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), for instance, offers evidence about poisonous contacts and subsequent health impacts all over the United States and is used to determining emerging hazards, to focus prevention and education programs and to guide clinical research. 14 However, most of the developing countries have not yet entirely identified the risks and impacts posed by acute poisoning on human health. One of the justifications was the lack of comprehensive national epidemiological data on acute poisoning.15,16
In Ethiopia, there is no well-organized poison control center, routine screening, and confirmatory tests. 17 There is also a limitation of epidemiological data on acute poisoning, particularly on treatment outcomes of its clinical management in the emergency department at the hospital level. Some hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional studies have identified acute poisoning-related morbidity and mortality5,8 and listed suggested factors as determinants for poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning. Some of these factors are variations in sex, age, residence, type of poisoning, season of poisoning, time of arrival to the hospital, duration of and hospital stay.6,7 However, the pieces of evidence are not as strong to show which of these determinant factors are directly associated with poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning. This is because the previous studies were inconsistent and the associated factors influencing poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning differs across the country. Hence, this study is aimed to assess the treatment outcomes of acute poisoning and identify factors associated with treatment outcomes among patients who had been admitted to the emergency ward in the study area.
Methods and materials
Study area, design, and period
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HFCSH), Eastern Ethiopia. HFCSH serves as a referral hospital for the entire Eastern part of Ethiopia, including Eastern Oromia, Dire Dawa City Administration, the Somali Regional State, and the Harari Regional State. The catchment population of the hospital is expected to be 5,800,000 of whom 2.85 million are females and 2.95 million are male. 18 Currently, the hospital has about 238 beds with 294 functional rooms to offer different services for the community. There is one General Hospital and Federal Police hospital as well as eight public health centers in the catchment area. The study was carried out from 30 June to 31 July 2021(data collection period).
Source and study population
All acutely poisoned patients who had been admitted to the emergency department of HFCSH were the source population for this study. All acutely poisoned patients who had been admitted to the emergency department of HFCSH from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 (admission year of participants) were considered as the study population
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
All acutely poisoned patients who were admitted to the emergency department were included. Acute poisoning cases with incomplete information on the medical record were excluded.
Sample size
There were a total of 175 registered poisoning cases listed in the registry of the emergency department from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020, of which 150 cases had complete data, and were included in the study.
Data collection procedure
A data abstraction format adapted from different literature,4,7,10,12,13 was used to record the necessary information from patients’ medical records. The data abstraction format was prepared in English language and included variables like sex of patients, age of patients, residence, route of poisoning, type of poisoning, clinical presentations, the status of patients when coming to the hospital, reason of patients for taking the poison, time of arrival to the emergency of the hospital, source of poisoning agents, length of hospital stay, treatment given for the acute poisoning, and treatment outcome.
The medical records of acutely poisoned patients were captured by taking medical record numbers from the registration manual of the emergency department. After selecting the medical record numbers of poisoning cases, the medical records were obtained from the medical record room. Then, the necessary information was extracted by using data abstraction format by three well-trained nurses.
Data quality control
To ensure the quality of data, the pretest was done on 5% of the total study population in Jugol hospital. The pretest was conducted on randomly selected medical records of acutely poisoned patients to ensure the agreement of the data abstraction format with the objective of the study. Any error found during the process of the pretest was corrected and modification was made into the final version of the data abstraction format. The data collectors were trained before the process of data collection. Supervision and checking were made by the well-trained supervisor to ensure the completeness and consistency of the data. All collected data were examined for completeness and consistency during data management, storage, and analysis.
Operational definitions
Acute poisoning: It is an injury in which the toxic effects occur almost immediately after taking the poisoning agents, usually within hours from the time of exposure.
Treatment outcome of acute poisoning: In this study, the treatment outcome of acute poisoning could be good or poor.
Poor treatment outcome: Death or survived with disability.
Good treatment outcome: Recovered without disability.
Survived: When the acutely poisoned patient was discharged with disability.
Recovered: When the acutely poisoned patient was discharged without disability.
Disability: Either a physical disability or physiological disability leading to new morbidity, dialysis, or respiratory or another organ failure following acute poisoning which was confirmed by laboratory investigation or suspected by clinicians, based on the clinical complaints of patients
Statistical analysis
The collected data were entered into Epi data statistical software version 3.1 and then exported to Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 to code, edit, clean, and analyze. Continuous variables were presented as mean, standard deviation (SD), whereas categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage. Multiple logistic regression model was used to control the effect of confounding variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the treatment outcome of acute poisoning. Multicollinearity among selected independent variables was checked through variance inflation factor (VIF) and none was found. The presence and strength of statistically significant associations were declared at p < 0.05 and using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Finally, data were presented using texts, tables, and figures.
Ethical consideration
An ethical clearance letter was obtained from Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee (IHRERC). An official letter of cooperation to conduct the study was sent to HFCSH. Informed, voluntary, written and signed consent was obtained from the Head of HFCSH before the start of data collection. The Head of HFCSH was also informed that the information obtained from medical records was kept with complete confidentiality. COVID-19 safety measures (wearing a mask, keeping social distance, and using alcohol-based hand rubs) were applied throughout the study to protect the data collectors as well as the supervisors from the deadly pandemic.
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics and mode, route, source, and reason of poisoning
A total of 175 patient’s medical records were reviewed. Among these, 150 patient’s medical records had complete information and were included in the final analysis. The majority of participants 89 (59.3%) were in the age group of 19–37 years. The mean age of participants was 24.2 years with an SD of 16.3. More than half of the participants 86 (57.3%) were females. Half of the participants 76 (50.7%) lived in rural areas. The mode of poisoning was suicidal in 77 (51.3%) participants. Oral ingestion was the most common route of poisoning which occurred in 111 participants (74%). More than half of the study participants 81 (54%) obtained poisoning agents from their home. The most common reason for accidental poisoning was mental disorder 41 (56.2%) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Sociodemographics characteristics and mode, route, source, and reason of poisoning for acutely poisoned patients who had been admitted at the emergency department of HFCSH.
| Characteristics | Frequency (%) |
Treatment outcome | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good (%) | Poor (%) | ||||
| Sex | Female | 86 (57.3) | 40 (62.5) | 24 (37.5) | 0.21 |
| Male | 64 (42.7) | 45 (52.3) | 41 (47.7) | ||
| Age (years) | <18 | 45 (30) | 26 (57.8) | 19 (42.2) | 0.25 |
| 19–37 | 89 (59.3) | 53 (59.6) | 36 (40.4) | ||
| >38 | 16 (10.7) | 6 (36.5) | 10 (62.5) | ||
| Current residence | Urban | 74 (49.3) | 42 (56.8) | 32 (43.2) | 0.57 |
| Rural | 76 (50.7) | 43 (56.6) | 33 (43.4) | ||
| Mode of poisoning | Accidental | 73 (48.7) | 45 (61.6) | 28 (38.4) | 0.23 |
| Suicidal | 77 (51.3) | 40 (51.9) | 37 (48.1) | ||
| Reason for accidental poisoning | Mental disorder | 41 (56.2) | 31 (75.6) | 10 (24.4) | 0.004* |
| Eating food | 32 (43.8) | 13 (41.9) | 18 (58.1) | ||
| Reason for suicidal poisoning | Family disharmony | 31 (40.3) | 25 (80.6) | 6 (19.4) | ------- |
| Marital disharmony | 10 (12.9) | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | ||
| Exam failure | 8 (10.4) | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | ||
| Unplanned pregnancy | 15 (19.5) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | ||
| Conflict in work area | 13 (16.9) | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | ||
| Route of poisoning | Oral | 111 (74.0) | 65 (58.6) | 46 (41.4) | ------ |
| Inhalational | 38 (25.3) | 19 (50) | 19 (50) | ||
| Bite | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 0 | ||
| Source of poisoning | Home | 81 (54.0) | 52 (64.2) | 29 (35.8) | 0.005 * |
| Hotel | 33 (22.0) | 21 (63.6) | 12 (36.4) | ||
| Workplace | 36 (24.0) | 12 (33.3) | 24 (66.7) | ||
The p value was calculated by using the Pearson chi-square test, *there is an association between the reason for accidental poisoning and treatment outcome, and ------Not fulfilled chi-square test assumption.
Type of poisoning agent, time to arrival, admission status, hospital stay, and treatment
Eighty-three patients were admitted with conscious status. Eighty percent of this study participants were hospitalized for 1 day at emergency departments. The majority of participants 107 (71.3%) arrived at the hospital 1 h after the intake of the poisoning agent. Histamine 2 receptor blocker particularly cimetidine was administered for 34% of the cases. Nearly 20% of cases were treated by antidote and normal saline. Of all the poisoning cases admitted during the study period, 56.7% were recovered and discharged while death was recorded in 25 (16.7%) cases. Pesticide poisoning was the commonest poisoning which accounted for 72 (48%) cases and followed by household poisoning 54 (36%). Organophosphate was the most common poisoning agent from the overall poisoning agents as well from pesticide poisoning which was encountered in 62 cases. The most common household poisoning agent was food 21 (14%). Acetaminophen was the predominant drug poisoning agent encountered in 10 participants. Poisoning due to snakebite occurred only in one participant (Table 2).
Table 2.
Type of poisoning agent, time to arrival, status, hospital stay, and treatment of acutely poisoned patients who had been admitted at the emergency department of HFSUH.
| Characteristics | Frequency (%) | Treatment outcome | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good (%) | Poor (%) | ||||
| Pesticide poisoning | Organophosphate | 62 (41.3) | 39 (62.9) | 23 (37.1) | ----- |
| Zinc phosphide | 9 (6.0) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | ||
| Benzene | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 0 | ||
| Household poisoning | Kerosene oil | 2 (1.3) | 0 | 2 | ----- |
| Food | 21 (14.0) | 18 (85.7) | 3 (14.3) | ||
| Carbon monoxide | 12 (8.0) | 8 (66.7) | 4 (33.3) | ||
| Alcohol | 3 (2.0) | 3 | 0 | ||
| Cleaning substance | 16 (10.7) | 10 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) | ||
| Type of drug poisoning | Misoprostol | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 1 | ----- |
| Chlorpromazine and diazepam | 6 (4.0) | 4 | 2 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 10 (6.7) | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | ||
| Aspirin | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 0 | ||
| Promethazine | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 0 | ||
| Haloperidol | 4 (2.7) | 0 | 4 | ||
| Animal poisoning | Snake bite | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 1 | ---- |
| Time to arrival (h) | <1 | 43 (28.7) | 24 (55.8) | 19 (44.2) | 0.89 |
| ⩾1 | 107 (71.3) | 61 (57) | 46 (43) | ||
| Status at admission | Conscious | 83 (55.3) | 71 (85.5) | 12 (14.5) | 0.0 * |
| Unconscious | 67 (44.7) | 14 (20.9) | 53 (79.1) | ||
| Length of hospital stay (day) | <1 | 30 (20.0) | 21 (70) | 9 (30) | 0.09 |
| >1 | 120 (80.0) | 64 (53.3) | 56 (46.7) | ||
| Treatment given | Gastric lavage | 16 (10.7) | 11 (68.8) | 5 (31.2) | ----- |
| Antidotes | 30 (20.0) | 21 (70) | 9 (30) | ||
| Histamine 2 receptor blocker | 51 (34.0) | 24 (47.1) | 27 (52.9) | ||
| Antiemetics | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 0 | ||
| Normal saline | 31 (20.7) | 16 (51.6) | 15 (48.4) | ||
| Intranasal oxygen | 21 (14.0) | 12 (57.1) | 9 (42.9) | ||
The p value was calculated by using the Pearson chi-square test, *there is association between the status at admission and treatment outcome, and -------not fulfilled chi-square test assumption.
Use of antidote in acutely poisoned patients
Among the 30 patients managed with antidote, 18 patients were treated with atropine for organophosphate poisoning (Table 3).
Table 3.
Use of antidote in acutely poisoned patients who had been admitted at the emergency department of HFSUH.
| Poisoning (n) | Antidote(n) |
|---|---|
| Organophosphate (62) | Atropine (18) |
| Carbon monoxide (12) | Oxygen (7) |
| Acetaminophen (10) | N-acetylcysteine (4) |
| Diazepam (2) | Flumazenil (1) |
Factors associated with poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning
In bivariate logistic regression analysis, variables with p value less than or equal to 0.25 were entered to multivariable logistic regression analysis to control for potential confounding variables that affect the poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning. in bivariate analysis, variables such as sex, age, mode of poisoning, source of poisoning, drug poisoning, and time to arrival had a p value of less than 0.25. These variables were used in multivariable model. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, mode of poisoning and drug poisoning were significantly associated with poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning. Participants who were poisoned by themselves were 2.4 times more likely to have poor treatment outcomes than those who were poisoned accidentally: AOR = 2.44; 95% CI: (1.101–5.421; p = 0.028). The odd of having poor treatment outcome in participants who were poisoned by drugs was 2.13 times than non-drug poisoning: AOR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.21–3.32; p = 0.006) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Multivariable analysis of factors associated with poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning.
| Variables | Treatment outcome | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good (%) | Poor (%) | |||||
| Sex | Male Female | 40 (62.5) | 24 (37.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45 (52.3) | 41 (47.7) | 1.52 (0.79–2.9) | 1.31 (0.62–1.8) | 0.34 | ||
| Age (years) | <18 | 26 (57.8) | 19 (42.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 19–37 | 53 (59.6) | 36 (40.4) | 0.93 (0.4–1. 9) | 0.81 (0.3–1.2) | 0.22 | |
| >38 | 6 (36.5) | 10 (62.5) | 2.28 (0.7–7.4) | 2.14 (0.4–6.3) | 0.31 | |
| Mode of poisoning | Accidental | 45 (61.6) | 28 (38.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Suicidal | 40 (51.9) | 37 (48.1) | 1.49 (0.78–2.8) | 2.44 (1.1–5.4) | 0.028* | |
| Source of poisoning | Home | 52 (64.2) | 29 (35.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Hotel | 21 (63.6) | 12 (36.4) | 1.02 (0.4–2.4) | 0.8 (0.24–1.8) | 0.45 | |
| Workplace | 12 (33.3) | 24 (66.7) | 3.58 (1.6–5.2) | 2.45 (0.94–4.3) | 0.08 | |
| Drug poisoning | No | 76 (59.8) | 51 (40.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 9 (39.1) | 14 (60.9) | 2.32 (1.3–4.7) | 2.13 (1.21–3.32) | 0.006 * | |
| Time to arrival (h) | <1 | 24 (55.8) | 19 (44.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ⩾1 | 61 (57) | 46 (43) | 0.95 (0.46–1.94) | 1.2 (0.82–1.96) | 0.092 | |
AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Statistically significant.
Discussion
Suicidal modes of poisoning and drug poisoning were significantly associated with poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning. In addition, among the 150 cases admitted with acute poisoning, 56.7% recovered while 16.7% died.
In the current study, acute poisoning was found to be predominant within the age of 19–37 years. Other studies revealed similar results.4,19–22 This could be due to increased levels of stress on an individual with exposure to different social, economical, and occupational pressure. 23 The finding of the current study showed that acute poisoning was higher in females (57.3%) than males, which is comparable to other study results.8,10 Sociocultural characteristics of rural societies, low social status, and lack of economic freedom among women may lead to suicidal attempts. 24
In this study, the most common poisoning was due to Organophosphate similar to studies conducted in Eastern Nepal, Kenya, and Gondar.25–27 This may be due to the easy availability of this poisoning agent in the agricultural community and inadequate knowledge to support their safe residential use. 28 Unlikely the current study, studies done in Debretabor General Hospital, Addis Ababa, South Africa, and Uganda reported that rat poisoning, drug poisoning, and household chemical poisoning were accounted for the highest numbers of cases, respectively.10,11,29 This discrepancy may due to variations in the availability of poisoning agents and the dominance of agricultural community.
This study showed that suicidal manner of poisoning was reported in more than half of cases, which is in agreement with the finding of other studies conducted in Karnataka, Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Nepal, and Ondukoz Mayis University Hospital.5,14,30,31
In the current study, gastric lavage was done for 10.7% of poisoning cases which is lower than in other studies done in India (80%), Debre tabor (48.3%), and Jimma (81%).5,6,9 Lower utilization of gastric lavage in the present study may result from delayed arrival of poisoned patients in the hospital. In addition, 29.0% of organophosphate poisoned cases were treated with atropine which is not in line with the study conducted in India. 9 This difference might be due to variation in the availability of atropine.
In the present study, 16.7% of the acutely poisoned patients were recorded to be dead The proportion of death that occurred in this study was smaller than results reported in Birjand (19.5%), Debretabor General Hospital (18.6%), and Tehran (17.7%), and higher than a study done in Andhra Pradesh (8.47%), Bengal (15.03%), Maharashtra, Wellega (7.1%), and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital (8.6%).7,10,11,32–35 This discrepancy may due to the difference in availability of antidote, nature of poison, dose consumed, and the time interval between intake of poison and provision of medical help. In this study, there was no death report due to benzene, alcohol, aspirin, and promethazine poisoning which is similar to the study conducted in Desse Referral Hospital. 6 This might be due to early presentation to the hospital and treated appropriately.
In this study, more than half of the cases (56.7%) were recovered and discharged. The result was in line with other studies done in Jimma, Adama, Nepal, and West Bengal.5,8,36,37 In the current study, a lower proportion of partially recovered cases were reported unlike a study conducted in Birjand city. 38 This difference might be due to variation in management practice of cases.
This study revealed that suicidal mode of poisoning is significantly associated with poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning. The finding contradicts the studies conducted in Turkey, Ethiopia, and Eastern Nepal which reported no significant association between mode of poisoning and poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning.4,7,12,13,39 In the current study, the odds of having poor treatment outcome in participants who were poisoned by drugs was 2.13 time more likely than non-drugs poisoning. Improving rational use of drugs and counseling the patients in their drugs would decrease the number of severe acute poisoning cases.10,12
This study had the following limitations: the data were collected retrospectively which was not possible to find complete information in all patient medical charts; the sample size is small which may affect the representativeness of the results; factors associated with poor treatment outcome of acute poisoning were assessed using a cross-sectional design which might not show causal relationships with potential risk factors; and the study conducted a single study area which might limit generalizability of result at the national level.
Conclusion
Acute poisoning, among most cases in our study, was related to organophosphate taken orally and more common at home. Mode of poisoning and drug poisoning were significant risk factors associated with poor treatment outcomes of acute poisoning.
Supplemental Material
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221078155 for Treatment outcome and associated factors among patients admitted with acute poisoning in a tertiary hospital in Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study by Shambel Nigussie, Fekade Demeke, Melaku Getachew and Firehiwot Amare in SAGE Open Medicine
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express gratitude to the administrators of HFCSH and the data collectors for their cooperation.
Footnotes
Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical approval: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee (IHRERC/0077/2021).
Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from legally authorized representatives before the study.
ORCID iDs: Shambel Nigussie 
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-9826
Melaku Getachew
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-2484
Firehiwot Amare
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9218-4008
Supplemental material: Supplemental material for this article is available online.
References
- 1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO and guidelines for establishing a poison centre. Geneva: WHO, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- 2. Boedeker W, Watts M, Clausing P, et al. The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2020; 20(1)): 1–19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]
- 3. World Health Organization (WHO). Improving the availability of poisons centre services in Eastern Africa: highlights from a feasibility study for a subregional poison centre in the Eastern Africa Subregion, including a toolkit on setting up a poisons information service. Geneva: WHO, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- 4. Tefera GM, Teferi LG. Prevalence, predictors and treatment outcome of acute poisoning in Western Ethiopia. Open Access Emerg Med 2020; 12: 365–375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Teklemariam E, Tesema S, Jemal A. Pattern of acute poisoning in Jimma University specialized hospital, south West Ethiopia. World J Emerg Med 2016; 7(4): 290–293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Getie A, Belayneh YM. A retrospective study of acute poisoning cases and their management at emergency department of Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2020; 12: 41–48. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Woyessa AH, Palanichamy T. Patterns, associated factors, and clinical outcomes of poisoning among poisoning cases presented to selected hospitals in Western Ethiopia: hospital-based study. Emerg Med Int 2020; 2020: 5741692. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Wakushie J, Daba FB. Pattern of acute poisoning and management outcome among patients presented to Adama referral hospital, Ethiopia. Med Data 2016; 8: 185–189. [Google Scholar]
- 9. Maheswari EAL, Chacko CS, Saraswathy GR, et al. Assessment of pattern, severity and outcome of poisoning in Emergency Care Unit. J Appl Pharm 2016; 6(12): 178–183. [Google Scholar]
- 10. Desalew M, Aklilu A, Amanuel A, et al. Pattern of acute adult poisoning at Tikur Anbessa specialized teaching hospital, a retrospective study, Ethiopia. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30(7): 523–527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Endayehu Y, Shenkutie E. Magnitude of acute poisoning and associated factors in debretabor General Hospital, Ethiopia. J Clin Toxicol 2019; 9(5), https://www.longdom.org/open-access/magnitude-of-acute-poisoning-and-associated-factors-in-debretabor-general-hospital-ethiopia.pdf [Google Scholar]
- 12. Rajbanshi LK, Arjyal B, Mandal R. Clinical profile and outcome of patients with acute poisoning admitted in intensive care unit of tertiary care center in Eastern Nepal. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22(10): 691–696. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Mathew R, Jamshed N, Aggarwal P, et al. Profile of acute poisoning cases and their outcome in a teaching hospital of North India. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8(12): 3935–3939. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. Pokhrel D, Pant S, Pradhan A, et al. A comparative retrospective study of poisoning cases in central, zonal and district hospitals. Kathmandu Univ J Sci, Eng Technol 2008; 4(1): 40–48. [Google Scholar]
- 15. Z’gambo J, Siulapwa Y, Michelo C. Pattern of acute poisoning at two urban referral hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Emergency Medicine 2016; 16(1): 1–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. Melese E. Assessment of prevalence, management and outcome of acute poisoning at St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College and Addis Ababa burn, Emergency and Trauma Hospital. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- 17. Chelkeba L, Mulatu A, Feyissa D, et al. Patterns and epidemiology of acute poisoning in Ethiopia: systematic review of observational studies. Arch Public Health 2018; 76: 34–10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Eyeberu A, Shore H, Getachew T, et al. Neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to NICU of Hiwot Fana specialized university hospital, eastern Ethiopia, 2020: a cross-sectional study design. BMC Pediatrics 2021; 21(1): 1–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. Khan PAMDCKM, Nousheen B. A study on treatment pattern and outcomes of poisoning cases in a tertiary care and government district hospital. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017; 9(4)): 193–197. [Google Scholar]
- 20. Maharani BVN. Profile of poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. J Appl Pharm 2013; 3: 91–94. [Google Scholar]
- 21. Jailkhani SMKNJ, Thakur MS, Langare SD, et al. Retrospective analysis of poisoning cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Recent Trends Sci Technol 2014; 10: 365–368. [Google Scholar]
- 22. Churi SHC, Ramesh M. Patterns of poison information queries received by a newly established South Indian Poison Information Center. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012; 5: 79–82. [Google Scholar]
- 23. Smith AJ. Self-poisoning with drugs: a worsening situation. Br Med J 2009; 4: 157–159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Watson WALT, Rodgers GC, Klein-Schwartz W, et al. 2002 annual report of the American association of poison control centers toxic exposure surveillance system 1. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21(5): 353–421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Sigdel DJS, Kathet R, Mainali UK, et al. Pattern and outcome of acute poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital in eastern Nepal. Int J Contemp Med Res 2019; 6(4): 27–31. [Google Scholar]
- 26. Ramesha KNRK, Rao KB, Kumar GS. Pattern and outcome of acute poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2009; 13(3): 152–155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27. Abula TWY. The pattern of acute poisoning in a teaching hospital, north-west Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2006; 44(2): 183–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28. John NAJJ. Prolonged use of mosquito coil, mats, and liquidators: a review of its health implications. Int J Clin Exp Physiol 2015; 2(4): 209–213. [Google Scholar]
- 29. Malngu N. Contribution of plants and traditional medicines to the disparities and similarities in acute poisoning incidents in Botswana, South Africa and Uganda. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11(2): 425–438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30. Maheswari E, Abraham L, Chacko CS, et al. Assessment of pattern, severity and outcome of poisoning in emergency care unit. J Appl Pharm Sci 2016; 6(12): 178–183. [Google Scholar]
- 31. Baydin AYT, Yardan T, Aygun D, et al. Retrospective evaluation of emergency service patients with poisoning. Adv Ther 2005; 22(6): 650–658. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32. Mehrpour O, Akbari A, Jahani F, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profiles of acute poisoning in patients admitted to the intensive care unit in eastern Iran (2010 to 2017). BMC Emerg Med 2018; 18(1): 30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33. Rao KN, Babu PS, Acharya A. A prospective study of pattern of acute poisoning and treatment outcome in paediatric age group in tertiary care hospital of Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Contemp Pediat 2018; 5(2): 576. [Google Scholar]
- 34. Chatterjee S, Verma VK, Hazra A, et al. An observational study on acute poisoning in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. Perspect Clin Res 2020; 11(2): 75–80. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35. Asawari R, Atmaram P, Bhagwan K, et al. Toxicological pattern of poisoning in urban hospitals of western India. J Young Pharm 2017; 9(3): 315–320. [Google Scholar]
- 36. Singh D, Aacharya RP. Pattern of poisoning cases in Bir Hospital. J Inst Med 2007; 28(1): 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- 37. Sheinicharmian ANK. Patterns of poisoning and the treatment outcome in patients admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine, KIMS Hospital, Bangalore, India. Pakistan J Med Health Sci 2019; 13(2), https://www.pjmhsonline.com/2019/april_june/pdf/531.pdf [Google Scholar]
- 38. Naseri K, Kiani Z, Sajadi ZS, et al. Pattern of inpatients acute poisonings in Birjand City, East of Iran, 2020, https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-51735/v1/c3f44de1-050a-40df-befc-d9eaf37e7ba2.pdf?c=1631850786 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 39. Satar S, Seydaoglu G, Akpinar A, et al. Trends in acute adult poisoning in a ten-year period in Turkey: factors affecting the hazardous outcome. Bratisl Lek Listy 2009; 110(7): 404–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221078155 for Treatment outcome and associated factors among patients admitted with acute poisoning in a tertiary hospital in Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study by Shambel Nigussie, Fekade Demeke, Melaku Getachew and Firehiwot Amare in SAGE Open Medicine