Appendix 5—table 1. Association between gSG6 IgG seropositivity and log human biting rate (HBR), moderated by dominant vector species.

Variable	log odds ratio (SE)	95% CI	p-Value	RE
Fixed part
log HBR	0.46 (0.11)	0.25–0.66	<0.001
DVS			<0.001**
An. gambiae s.l. only	Ref.
An. gambiae s.l. and other DVS	1.00 (0.18)	0.65–1.25	<0.001
Non-An. gambiae s.l.	1.09 (0.68)	–0.24 to 2.42	0.109
log HBR by DVS			<0.001**
An. gambiae s.l. only	Ref.
An. gambiae s.l. and other DVS	–0.26 (0.08)	−0.41 to –0.11	0.001
Non-An. gambiae s.l.	–0.38 (0.11)	−0.59 to –0.17	<0.001
Random part
${\psi }_1$ ‡				0.96
${\psi }_2$				2.32
${\psi }_3$				0.08
${\rho }_1$ §				0.14
${\rho }_2$ ¶				0.51
ℓ				–1488.8
Model fit indices
Akaike’s information criterion				2995.5
Bayesian information criterion				3021.5

HBR × dominant vector species (DVS) association: log odds ratio and standard error (SE), 95% confidence interval (95% CI), p-value, random-effect components (RE): variances (ψ), conditional intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (ρ),* and model log likelihood (ℓ) from generalised linear multilevel modelling (mixed effects, logistic).^† This analysis is based upon n = 132 study-specific observations from 12 studies. Of note, five studies that measured HBR and IgG antibodies to gSG6 were excluded from this analysis as they only reported gSG6 IgG levels.

^* ρ = $\frac{{\psi }_k+...+{\psi }_{nk}}{{\psi }_k+...+{\psi }_{nk}+{\pi }^2/3}$ , where ${\psi }_k$ through ${\psi }_{nk}$ are random-effect variance estimates pertaining to each of the respective variance components (see table notes ^‡–¶) from the generalised linear multilevel modelling (mixed effects, logistic) for a specific ICC estimate.

^† Generalised linear multilevel modelling (mixed effects, logistic) estimating the association between log transformed HBR and anti-gSG6 IgG seropositivity including an interaction term between DVS and log HBR with random effects for country-specific and study-specific heterogeneity in gSG6 IgG seroprevalence and study-specific heterogeneity in effect of HBR.

^‡ ${\psi }_1$ , ${\psi }_2$, and ${\psi }_3$ represent variances of the random effects for country, study, and effect of HBR, respectively.

^§ ${\rho }_1$ represents the conditional ICC for salivary antibody observations from the same country but different study.

^¶ ${\rho }_2$ represents the conditional ICC for salivary antibody observations from the same country and study with the median HBR.

**indicates p-value from joint Wald test for polytomous variables.