Skip to main content
Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2021 Oct 28;54(1):170–176. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.01.027

影响全膝关节置换术患者术前预期的患者因素

Patient factors influencing preoperative expectations of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

Zhi-chang LI 1, Yun-fei HOU 1, Zhi-wei ZHOU 1, Long JIANG 1, Shu ZHANG 1, Jian-hao LIN 1,*
PMCID: PMC8860662  PMID: 35165486

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the expectations of patients for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

Experimental design: Single center, retrospective, multiple regression analysis. The data including the age, height, and weight of 108 patients undergoing unilateral TKA due to end-stage osteoarthritis were obtained. The patients' preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee arthroplasty expectation score, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score, Knee Society score (KSS), the MOS 36-item short-from health survey (SF-36) score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) were evaluated, and the 30-second chair-stand test (30-CST), 40-meter fast-paced walk test (40-FPWT), 12-level stair-climb test (12-SCT), 3-meter timed up-and-go test (TUG), 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), and recorded daily steps for 7 consecutive days were performed. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The observed values of various data were described. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between various parameters, and the multi-factor linear regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors of the patients preoperative expectation scores.

Results

The average expectation score of this group of patients was 58.98±5.44. In the Pearson correlation analysis, the patient's preoperative expectation had a weak correlation to the result of the patient's 12-SCT, TUG, 6-MWT, KSS function score, and SF-36 mental component score (correlation coefficient 0.1-0.3). The patient's preoperative expectation had a moderate correlation to the patient's daily average steps, 30-CST, 40-FPWT, KSS, WOMAC and its pain, stiffness, function scores, SF-36 physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, vitality, and physical component score (correlation coefficient 0.3-0.6). In the multivariate linear regression analysis, only the results of 30-CST and the role-physical, bodily pain and vitality in the SF-36 scale were related to the patient's expectation score (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The estimated expectation score of patients before TKA is not high. Patients with more severe preoperative pain, worse physical function, and lower overall health are more eager to improve after surgery. Thus surgeons must communicate fully with patients with unrealistic expectations before surgery in order to obtain more satisfactory results postoperatively.

Keywords: Arthroplasty, replacement, knee; Patient satisfaction; Recovery of function; Activities of daily living


全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)作为膝关节终末期骨关节炎的治疗手段被医生和患者广泛接受,国内手术量已经由10年前的每年5万例快速增长到每年近40万例[1]。但是,约有20%的患者术后存在不满意,其中最主要的影响因素之一为术前患者对于手术的预期过高[2-3]。术前更高的预期值可能代表患者有更积极的治疗态度和康复意愿,因而可能带来更好的术后功能,但如果术前预期不现实,术后没有获得满足,则会降低患者的依从性,造成较差的功能恢复和较高的不满意率[3-4]。手术前如果能够调整患者的预期,则可以改善患者术后的长期效果和满意度[5]

患者对疾病状态的判断和对手术效果的预期主要基于医疗人员提供的信息,但也有证据显示,患者自身的一些临床与社会人口因素同样会对其产生巨大影响[6]。患者的人口学因素、并存疾病、疼痛、残疾程度以及之前的手术体验等都可能影响患者对本次手术的预期,这些因素对患者预期的影响在既往研究中得出了不一致的结果,甚至存在矛盾之处[4, 6]。有研究通过问卷量表反映患者术前的躯体功能状况,发现其会影响患者的手术预期与术后的满意度[4, 7],但问卷量表反映出来的患者躯体功能状况往往与其实际躯体功能和真实日常活动状况不符,且这些研究多为欧美人群数据,其结果不能直接反映中国患者的情况。

本研究旨在调查中国患者对于TKA的预期情况,分析影响患者对TKA预期的因素,并纳入了基于表现的躯体功能测试数据以及基于可穿戴设备的日常活动情况数据。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究为单中心、回顾性、多因素分析研究,研究对象为2013年10月至2015年3月期间因膝关节终末期骨关节炎在北京大学人民医院骨关节科(同一手术医生)接受单侧TKA术的患者。患者的纳入标准: 年龄55~75岁,体重指数(body mass index, BMI) < 35,术前诊断为骨关节炎且Kellgren-Lawrence(K/L)分级4级,单侧膝关节病变接受初次TKA术。排除标准: 类风湿性关节炎等炎症性关节病; 髋关节或踝关节等存在影响躯体运动功能的病变; 合并严重的心血管、肺部等内科疾病而影响躯体运动功能; 依从性差,无法完成指定测试。本研究共纳入108例患者。

1.2. 功能评价数据采集

对入组的108例受试者进行功能评价,共包括视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)、自我报告量表和基于表现的躯体功能测试三大部分。

自我报告量表采用健康调查简表(the MOS 36-item short-from health survey, SF-36)、美国西部Ontario和McMaster大学(the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities,WOMAC)骨关节炎指数评分和膝关节学会评分(Knee Society score,KSS)。SF-36量表用于评估患者的一般健康状况,分为8个部分: 一般健康(general health,GH)、生理功能(physical function,PF)、躯体疼痛(bodily pain,BP)、生理职能(role physical,RP)、活力(vitality,VT)、情感职能(role emotional,RE)、社会功能(social functioning,SF)和精神健康(mental health,MH),其中前4项之和为躯体状况评分(physical component score,PCS),后4项之和为精神状况评分(mental component score,MCS)[8]。WOMAC是一项专门用于评估髋、膝关节患者疾病状况的量表[9],该量表由三个部分共24个问题组成,即: 疼痛(5个问题)、僵直(2个问题)、躯体功能(17个问题)。疼痛部分评估日常生活中活动时的疼痛; 僵直部分评估在某一体位持续一段时间后改变体位时僵硬的程度以及一天中僵直的时间; 躯体功能部分评价完成某些活动的能力,包括从坐位站起、行走、上下楼梯、穿袜子等。WOMAC评分为全部三个部分评分的总和。以往多项研究报道了其中文版本的信度和效度[10-11]。Insall等[12]于1989年开发了KSS,它是一项用于评价患者全膝关节置换术前和术后膝关节功能的评分系统,目前已经是全世界最流行的评估TKA和膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, UKA)预后的自我报告量表[13]。KSS包括膝关节评分(0~100分)和功能评分(0~100分)两部分,其中膝关节评分包含疼痛、对线、活动度、稳定性等,由手术医生完成填写; 功能评分包括行走距离、上下楼梯的能力、是否需要拐杖等。

基于表现的躯体功能测试是对患者完成日常活动能力的客观评定,国际骨关节炎学会(Osteoarthritis Research Society International, OARSI)在2013年[14]发布了针对骨关节炎患者的推荐指南,包括30秒座椅站立测试(30-second chair-stand test, 30-SCT)、40米快速步行测试(40 m fast-paced walk test, 40-FPWT)、12级爬楼梯测试(12-level stair-climb test, 12-SCT)、3米起立行走测试(3-meter timed up-and-go test, TUG)、6分钟步行测试(6-minute walk test, 6-MWT)。上述5项测试能够客观评价被测试者完成坐位站起、上下楼梯、短距离行走+转身、站起+行走、有氧状态下行走等能力,分别代表了下肢力量、动态平衡、短距离行走速度和转换方向、动作转换的灵活性以及长距离行走的耐力,但并不能真实代表患者日常生活中的实际状况,为此,一些学者将可穿戴监测设备用于评价患者日常生活中功能情况[15]。随着各种商业化的监测设备广泛流行,有研究评价了各种设备的可信性和用于科研的可行性,其中Fitbit计步器的可信性最好[16],考虑到一周时间通常可以作为大多数城市人口的一个生活周期,以及该计步器的电量和数据存储量,故本研究中所有受试者均佩戴Fitbit计步器一周以上,由测试者选择其中完整的连续7天的数据,记录每天的行走步数。

1.3. 手术预期量表

采用美国特种外科医院(Hospital For Special Surgery, HSS)膝关节置换手术预期量表评估患者对TKA术的手术预期[17]。该量表已被翻译成多种语言在全世界广泛应用,并分别检测了其信度和效度[18]。HSS量表询问患者对于疼痛缓解、改善行走能力、摆脱拐杖、改善上下楼、蹲起、参加社交活动等19个问题的期望程度。对于每个问题有5个选项,包括非常重要、比较重要、有些重要、无所谓和该问题对我不适用,分别赋予0~4分。19个题目总分范围为0~76,最终得分=总分/76×100。

1.4. 数据分析

数据分析使用SPSS 22.0软件。最终进行分析的数据包括: 患者的手术预期评分、年龄、BMI、VAS评分、SF-36评分、WOMAC评分、KSS膝关节评分和KSS功能评分、30-SCT、40-FPWT、12-SCT、TUG、6-MWT以及每日平均步数。对于每一参数,均描述其均值、标准差和95%置信区间。采用Pearson相关分析检验患者各项参数与手术预期评分之间的相关性。相关系数(r)>0.6认为两者间相关性较强,r介于0.3~0.6之间认为相关性中等,0.1 <r < 0.3认为相关性较弱,如果r < 0.1认为相关性可以忽略。最后,采用多因素线性回归分析各因素对患者预期评分的影响情况,多因素线性回归分析采用Stepwise方法纳入相关因素,并进行共线性检验。所有检验显著性水平均为0.05。

2. 结果

本组患者的年龄、性别、BMI、VAS评分、自我报告量表和基于表现的躯体功能测试等各项参数见表 1。患者的HSS膝关节置换手术预期量表得分及分布见图 12

表 1.

患者术前各项参数及其与手术结果预估的相关性

Preoperative parameters of patients and their correlation with the estimated surgical expectations

Items Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Correlation coefficient P value
Expectations, Hospital For Special Surgery knee replacement expectations survey (HSSKRES); BMI, body mass index; Steps, average daily steps in a week; PBTs, performance-based tests; 30-CST, 30-second chair-stand test; 40-FPWT, 40-meter fast-paced walk test; 12-SCT, 12-level stair-climb test; TUG, 3-meter timed up-and-go test; 6-MWT, 6-minute walk test; WOMAC, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities score; Pain_WOMAC, WOMAC pain score; Stiff_WOMAC, WOMAC stiffness score; Function_WOMAC, WOMAC function score; KSS, Knee Society score; KSS-F, KSS function score; SF-36, the MOS item short from health survey; PF, physical function; RP, role physical; BP, bodily pain; GH, general health; VT, vitality; SF, social functioning; RE, role emotional; MH, mental health; PCS, physical component score; MCS, mental component score; VAS, visual analogue scale.
Expectations 58.98 5.44 48.00 74.00
Age 64.88 4.42 48.00 77.00 -0.110 0.256
BMI 27.50 1.94 23.59 31.96 0.182 0.059
Steps 1 959.28 752.00 316.71 4 742.29 -0.444 < 0.001
PBTs
  30-CST 2.66 1.15 0 6.00 -0.312 0.001
  40-FPWT 47.76 15.77 22.00 99.12 0.424 < 0.001
  12-SCT 25.28 4.69 15.67 40.63 0.249 0.009
  TUG 10.10 1.67 7.34 14.33 0.299 0.002
  6-MWT 215.74 50.97 98.00 331.00 -0.298 0.002
WOMAC 42.03 7.15 27.00 63.00 0.503 < 0.001
  Pain_WOMAC 10.82 2.54 6.00 19.00 0.495 < 0.001
  Stiff_WOMAC 2.61 1.70 0 7.00 0.508 < 0.001
  Function_WOMAC 28.59 4.26 18.00 38.00 0.346 < 0.001
KSS 34.76 9.91 1.00 51.00 -0.465 < 0.001
KSS-F 36.39 15.75 0 70.00 -0.295 0.002
SF-36
  PF 43.01 7.36 30.00 60.00 -0.431 < 0.001
  RP 42.82 32.43 0 100.00 -0.322 0.001
  BP 35.66 11.87 12.00 52.00 -0.585 < 0.001
  GH 57.62 7.14 37.00 77.00 -0.075 0.438
  VT 57.59 6.71 35.00 70.00 -0.599 < 0.001
  SF 45.14 11.82 25.00 75.00 -0.054 0.578
  RE 55.25 29.24 0 100.00 -0.095 0.327
  MH 61.41 3.99 52.00 68.00 -0.076 0.433
  PCS 44.78 10.51 21.75 63.25 -0.502 < 0.001
  MCS 54.85 8.01 36.25 72.50 -0.242 0.012
VAS 5.41 1.45 2.00 8.00 0.353 < 0.001

图 1.

图 1

全膝关节置换术手术预期评分分布情况

Distribution of the expectation scores of the total knee arthroplasty

图 2.

HSS全膝关节置换手术预期各项功能重要性评分

The scores of each items of HSS knee replacement expectations survey

HSS, Hospital for Special Surgery.

图 2

患者对TKA手术的平均预期评分为(58.98±5.44)分(48~74分),其分布近似正态,有近85%的患者预期评分为46~65分,其中女性患者(87例)的预期评分为(58.95±0.59)分,男性患者为(59.10±1.15)分,两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.916)。各项连续变量参数与手术预期评分之间的相关系数及P值见表 1。患者的年龄和BMI与手术预期评分之间无显著相关性,而疼痛、基于表现的躯体功能测试以及自我报告量表中的大部分项目均与患者的手术预期评分有显著相关性,且其中大部分参数的相关系数为0.3~0.6,属于中等强度相关。

将所有患者的各项参数进行多因素线性回归分析,仅有30-SCT和SF-36量表中的三个区块评分(生理职能、躯体疼痛及活力)最终保留在回归方程中,是患者手术预期评分的显著预测参数。拟合优度的R2值为0.515,表示有大约50%的手术预期评分的观测值能够被该回归模型解释。

3. 讨论

本研究调查了我国患者对于TKA的手术预期情况,并分析了患者的性别、年龄、一般健康状况,特别是基于客观表现的躯体功能参数以及基于可穿戴设备的日常活动情况对于其手术预期的影响。

以往有研究调查了患者术前预期对TKA术后结果的影响,Cross等[19]应用HSS膝关节置换手术预期量表发现,患者期望值越高,手术后6个月的功能越好。Mahomed等[20]报道,患者预期完全缓解疼痛是术后6个月SF-36中疼痛和功能评分较高的独立影响因素。另外,虽然人工膝关节置换术在过去的半个世纪取得了巨大成功,远期假体存活率超过90%,但患者的不满意率却高达1/5[2],其中一个重要因素是患者的术前预期是否合理并在术后是否得到满足[2-3, 5]。相比TKA的手术技术、假体材料、生物力学等领域,关于患者术前预期的研究较少,值得关注[21]

本研究应用的HSS膝关节置换手术预期量表是该领域最常用的量表[22]。本组患者的手术预期平均得分为(58.98±5.44)分(48~74分),远低于Hepinstall等[4]报道的美国患者的数据[平均(77.6±18.4)分(0~100分)]以及Cross等[19]报道的澳洲患者数据[(74.1±14.3)分(0~100分)]。而且,本研究得分的分布更加集中在平均分附近,且呈正态分布,而Hepinstall等[4]报道的美国患者的得分分布明显右偏,超过30%患者的手术预期超过了90分,50%以上的患者预期80分,70%的患者预期70分以上。这可能与欧美患者与中国患者对于生活质量的要求不同有关,另一方面也可能与欧美TKA术患者的术前疾病严重程度、功能丧失程度低于中国患者有关。对于手术后功能改善的具体内容,本研究中的患者表达了与既往研究类似的需求[23-24],最迫切需要改善的都是疼痛、行走能力及日常生活中基本的活动能力,如从凳子上站起、上下楼等,对于下蹲、下跪、参与体育运动、找到工作和性生活都需求较低,且本组所有患者均在性生活改善一项中选择了不需要,这一点与既往研究有明显差异[4, 19, 25],可以部分解释我国患者术前预期水平总体较低。

单因素相关分析显示,代表患者日常生活中真实躯体活跃水平状况的每日步数与术前预期呈中等强度负相关,即患者活跃程度越低,手术预期越高。同样,各项基于表现的测试结果均与患者的术前预期评分呈现负相关,单位时间内完成的次数越少、完成规定动作所需时间越长,即患者的躯体功能越差,手术预期越高。在VAS疼痛评分、WOMAC评分及KSS评分等各项结果中,同样是疼痛越严重、功能越差则手术预期评分越高。在体现患者一般身体健康状况的SF-36量表的各区块评分中,生理功能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、活力、躯体健康、精神健康都与手术预期评分呈中等强度的负相关,也就是患者的一般健康状况越差,对手术的预期越高。这与大多数之前欧美的研究结果相同[26-28],但也有一些研究报道患者的手术预期与这些项目无关[4, 7, 20, 22]

多因素回归分析中排除各参数之间的相互干扰后,我们发现30-SCT及SF-36量表中的三个区块评分(生理职能、躯体疼痛及活力)与手术预期呈负相关,其中SF-36量表的三个区块之间存在共线性,可能由于三个区块评分是通过相同问题不同加权计算获得,但该三个区块均代表了患者的一般健康状况,不影响结果的解读,说明因关节疾病而使正常生活受到更多影响的患者,对手术有更高的期望,这与Yoo等[29]的研究结果相符,但也有研究发现,疾病较轻、较为活跃的患者手术预期较高[7]。若研究包括所有的全髋关节和全膝关节置换患者,Gandhi等[30]发现,年轻、男性、BMI较低的患者术前期望更高,Koenen等[31]发现女性和曾行关节置换的患者术前期望值更高。除此之外,患者的受教育程度[32]、收入状况[33]等社会学因素也都可能与患者的期望值有关。

本研究结果提示,患者的一般健康状况越差,对手术的预期越高,这在临床中构成了矛盾。疾病严重程度更高的患者往往术后功能恢复较差,这就需要医疗人员对患者进行充分的沟通和宣教: (1)了解患者的真正诉求及期望,外科医生和患者认为缓解疼痛和改善功能是TKA的普遍目标,其他较为隐晦的期望会因诊断、社会经济因素和术前心理健康状况而异[17, 33],另外,年龄较小的患者可能更期望改善运动能力,年龄较大的患者则可能更期望改善疼痛和步行能力[17]; (2)使患者对所能获得的术后功能、疼痛改善有理性的认识,以期获得更高的满意率。Bourne等[34]指出,如果未达到患者的期望值,TKA后患者不满意的风险大约是手术效果达到手术预期患者的10倍。

Mancuso等[23]进行的随机对照试验发现,术前教育课程可以改变TKA患者的期望值,并有可能改善患者的预后和满意度。Tolk等[35]的前瞻性研究表明,多学科联合的术前患者教育干预可以更好地帮助患者了解手术能够达到的可能效果。术前有必要与患者讨论其对手术的期望,并为患者设定适当的期望值,也需要进一步的研究以确定改变患者期望和提高满意度的策略。

经过多因素分析,本研究初步确定了我国TKA患者的术前预期情况及其影响因素。但本研究仍存在一些不足: (1)未纳入种族、教育、收入水平以及既往手术史等因素; (2)研究样本量较小; (3)旨在确定影响患者预期的因素,而非比较因素间的重要性,且存在共线性的因素均为量表计算出的参数,本研究未做进一步处理[36]。未来研究可考虑扩大样本量,纳入社会经济学因素,可望减小以上不足对结果的准确性及结论的可推广性的影响。本研究引入了基于测试的患者躯体功能的因素,与诸多量表相比,本研究的结果更为客观,经多因素分析,30-SCT被确定为影响因素之一,今后研究可继续考虑纳入基于测试的患者躯体功能结果,并验证其对患者术前期望值的影响。

我国患者对于TKA的手术预期低于既往文献报道的国外数据,术前疼痛更重、躯体功能更差、整体健康状况更低下的患者更加迫切希望通过手术得到改善,手术医生要在术前与预期不现实的患者充分沟通,以期术后获得更满意的结果。

References

  • 1.Feng B, Zhu W, Bian YY, et al. China artificial joint annual data report. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020;134(6):752–753. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Gunaratne R, Pratt DN, Banda J, et al. Patient dissatisfaction following total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review of the literature. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32(12):3854–3860. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.07.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Neuprez A, Delcour JP, Fatemi F, et al. Patients' expectations impact their satisfaction following total hip or knee arthroplasty. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0167911. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167911. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Hepinstall MS, Rutledge JR, Bornstein LJ, et al. Factors that impact expectations before total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26(6):870–876. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2010.09.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Rief W, Shedden-Mora MC, Laferton JA, et al. Preoperative optimization of patient expectations improves long-term outcome in heart surgery patients: results of the randomized controlled PSY-HEART trial. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0767-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Hafkamp FJ, Lodder P, de Vries J, et al. Characterizing patients' expectations in hip and knee osteoarthritis. Qual Life Res. 2020;29(6):1509–1519. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02403-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Ponzio DY, Chiu YF, Salvatore A, et al. An analysis of the influence of physical activity level on total knee arthroplasty expectations, satisfaction, and outcomes: Increased revision in active patients at five to ten years. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(18):1539–1548. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Mizner RL, Petterson SC, Clements KE, et al. Measuring functional improvement after total knee arthroplasty requires both performance-based and patient-report assessments: A longitudinal analysis of outcomes. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26(5):728–737. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2010.06.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, et al. Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol. 1988;15(12):1833–1840. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Symonds T, Hughes B, Liao S, et al. Validation of the Chinese Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index in patients from Mainland China with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015;67(11):1553–1560. doi: 10.1002/acr.22631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Xie F, Li SC, Goeree R, et al. Validation of Chinese Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) in patients scheduled for total knee replacement. Qual Life Res. 2008;17(4):595–601. doi: 10.1007/s11136-008-9340-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Insall JN, Dorr LD, Scott RD, et al. Rationale of the Knee Society clinical rating system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;248:13–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Scuderi GR, Bourne RB, Noble PC, et al. The new Knee Society knee scoring system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(1):3–19. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-2135-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Dobson F, Hinman RS, Roos EM, et al. OARSI recommended performance-based tests to assess physical function in people diagnosed with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(8):1042–1052. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Lyons EJ, Lewis ZH, Mayrsohn BG, et al. Behavior change techniques implemented in electronic lifestyle activity monitors: A systematic content analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(8):e192. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3469. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Kooiman TJ, Dontje ML, Sprenger SR, et al. Reliability and validity of ten consumer activity trackers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2015;7:24. doi: 10.1186/s13102-015-0018-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Mancuso CA, Sculco TP, Wickiewicz TL, et al. Patients' expectations of knee surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(7):1005–1012. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200107000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Wang C, Zhang C, Liu DL, et al. Simplified Chinese version of hip and knee replacement expectations surveys in patients with osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: Cross-cultural adaptation, validation and reliability. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):247. doi: 10.1186/s12891-018-2129-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Cross M, Lapsley H, Barcenilla A, et al. Patient expectations of hip and knee joint replacement surgery and postoperative health status. Patient. 2009;2(1):51–60. doi: 10.2165/01312067-200902010-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Mahomed NN, Liang MH, Cook EF, et al. The importance of patient expectations in predicting functional outcomes after total joint arthroplasty. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(6):1273–1279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Swarup I, Henn CM, Gulotta LV, et al. Patient expectations and satisfaction in orthopaedic surgery: A review of the literature. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019;10(4):755–760. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2018.08.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Zywiel MG, Mahomed A, Gandhi R, et al. Measuring expectations in orthopaedic surgery: A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(11):3446–3456. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3013-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Mancuso CA, Graziano S, Briskie LM, et al. Randomized trials to modify patients' preoperative expectations of hip and knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(2):424–431. doi: 10.1007/s11999-007-0052-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Scott CE, Bugler KE, Clement ND, et al. Patient expectations of arthroplasty of the hip and knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(7):974–981. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B7.28219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Harmsen RTE, Haanstra TM, Den Oudsten BL, et al. A high proportion of patients have unfulfilled sexual expectations after TKA: A prospective study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2020;478(9):2004–2016. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Muniesa JM, Marco E, Tejero M, et al. Analysis of the expectations of elderly patients before undergoing total knee replacement. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;51(3):e83–e87. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.01.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Lingard EA, Sledge CB, Learmonth ID, et al. Patient expectations regarding total knee arthroplasty: Differences among the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(6):1201–1207. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Mancuso CA, Sculco TP, Salvati EA. Patients with poor preoperative functional status have high expectations of total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18(7):872–878. doi: 10.1016/S0883-5403(03)00276-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Yoo JH, Chang CB, Kang YG, et al. Patient expectations of total knee replacement and their association with sociodemographic factors and functional status. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(3):337–344. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.93B3.25168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Gandhi R, Davey JR, Mahomed N. Patient expectations predict greater pain relief with joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(5):716–721. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2008.05.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Koenen P, Bäthis H, Schneider MM, et al. How do we face patients' expectations in joint arthroplasty? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(7):925–931. doi: 10.1007/s00402-014-2012-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Kudibal MT, Kallemose T, Troelsen A, et al. Does ethnicity and education influence preoperative disability and expectations in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty? World J Orthop. 2018;9(10):220–228. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v9.i10.220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Barrack RL, Ruh EL, Chen J, et al. Impact of socioeconomic factors on outcome of total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):86–97. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3002-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Bourne RB, Chesworth BM, Davis AM, et al. Patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: Who is satisfied and who is not? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(1):57–63. doi: 10.1007/s11999-009-1119-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Tolk JJ, Janssen RPA, Haanstra TM, et al. The influence of expectation modification in knee arthroplasty on satisfaction of patients: A randomized controlled trial. Bone Joint J. 2021;103-B(4):619–626. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.103B4.BJJ-2020-0629.R3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Neter J, Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ, et al. Applied linear statistical models[M]. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Companies, Inc., 1996.

Articles from Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) are provided here courtesy of Editorial Office of Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, Peking University Health Science Center

RESOURCES