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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Feb;36(2):249–253. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202108120

关节镜下肱二头肌长头肌腱转位治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的研究进展

Research progress of arthroscopic long head of biceps tendon transposition in treatment of irreparable massive rotator cuff tears

Binbin DENG 1, Xueqiang DENG 1, Shuaigang LIU 1, Liang HAO 1,*
PMCID: PMC8863521  PMID: 35172414

Abstract

Objective

To review the research progress of arthroscopic long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) transposition in treatment of irreparable massive rotator cuff tears.

Methods

The domestic and foreign related literature in recent years on the treatment of irreparable massive rotator cuff tears with different LHBT transposition methods under arthroscopy was reviewed and analyzed.

Results

Arthroscopic LHBT transposition is an effective method for irreparable massive rotator cuff tears, which mainly includes “proximal cut”, “both two cuts”, “distal cut”, and “no cut”. Different methods of LHBT transposition can achieve good effectiveness, but its long-term effectiveness needs further follow-up.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic LHBT transposition in treatment of irreparable massive rotator cuff tears is simple and effective. The patients can recover quickly after operation with less injury. But the technique has higher requirements for surgeons, and the indications must be strictly controlled.

Keywords: Irreparable massive rotator cuff tears, long head of biceps tendon, transposition, arthroscopy


肩关节是人体活动度最大的关节,其各个方向的运动以及稳定性的维持均依赖于完整肩袖。近年来,随着运动医学的发展,越来越多肩袖损伤患者被诊断,多数患者经早期关节镜手术治疗后症状得到缓解或治愈[1]。但少数不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂患者由于发病机制复杂、肩袖撕裂范围广、肩袖质量差,临床治疗难度较大。目前治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的手术方式很多,包括关节镜下清理、反置式全肩关节置换术、肌腱转位术、上关节囊重建术、利用补片的肩袖修复术、肩峰下球囊间隔术及单纯肱二头肌长头肌腱(long head of biceps tendon,LHBT)切断或切断后固定术等[2]。LHBT因获取简单并具有良好生物力学特性,LHBT转位治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂能促进腱-骨愈合,受到越来越多的关注。本文就关节镜下LHBT转位治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的研究进展作一总结。

1. 不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的定义及分类

目前,临床对于不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的定义尚未统一。其中,北美Cofield理论将不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂定义为肩袖撕裂口>5 cm,也有学者认为损伤肌腱累积2根及以上时为不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂[3]。最近,美国学者将不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂定义为肌腱回缩至关节盂边缘或肩袖覆盖的肱骨大结节67%被暴露[4],基于该定义临床可通过MRI或者术中实际观测结果判定肩袖撕裂程度。

Lo等[5]提出根据肩袖撕裂形状及大小,大多数巨大肩袖撕裂可以分为新月形、U形、L形和不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂4种类型,为术者选择最佳手术方式提供参考。有学者根据肩袖撕裂位置提出不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂可以分为前上型和后上型。其中,前上型主要累及冈上肌腱,这与冈上肌腱处于肩袖最突出位置,容易与肩峰产生撞击发生损伤有关[6]。该型除累及冈上肌腱外,常合并肩胛下肌损伤,如再合并喙肩弓损伤,肱骨头则可能向前上方脱出[7]。后上型既有冈上肌腱撕裂,又伴有冈下肌和小圆肌损伤。

根据病情进展,不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂可以分为急性、慢性、慢性撕裂急性发作等类型[8]。急性不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂相对少见,多为具有外伤史的年轻患者,手术效果较好。慢性不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂常见于老年人群,由于病程较长,肩袖撕裂会引起肩关节内解剖形态、生理及病理情况的巨大改变,术后肩关节功能恢复不理想[9]。Shepet等[10]认为慢性不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂经非手术综合治疗,包括监督下的物理治疗、家庭运动计划、肩峰下皮质醇注射及使用非甾体类抗炎药等,患者疼痛症状也能获得极大缓解,并恢复部分肩关节功能。慢性不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂急性发作多见于老年人群,在原慢性肩袖撕裂基础上,出现急性、进展性肩痛发作。

2. LHBT在不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂中的作用

LHBT通常起源于肩胛骨盂上结节,部分起源于上盂唇[11],经肱骨头上方走行,在结节沟上部由内上转为外下走行;其表面被冈上肌腱、肩胛下肌腱、喙肱韧带等覆盖,LHBT与它们一同组成滑车共同体来稳定肩关节。肩袖损伤后肩部生物力学失去平衡,常导致LHBT代偿性增生肥厚并发生损伤,故肩关节疼痛症状的出现与LHBT损伤有关[12]。此外,LHBT与肩袖对肱骨头有协同下压作用,LHBT损伤后肱骨头上移会加重肩峰撞击,使肩袖撕裂程度加重。二者相互影响,导致不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的发生以及LHBT不可逆功能减退及结构损伤,最终引起肩关节疼痛、活动受限及功能障碍。故关节镜下行巨大肩袖撕裂修补时,通常需对LHBT进行处理[13]

Alidousti等[14]认为在肩袖组织严重撕裂情况下,LHBT可能会有下压肱骨头的作用。因此,绝大多数不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂术中切断LHBT,可能会导致肱骨近端移位,并且加重肩袖撕裂引起的疼痛症状。一项前瞻性研究发现,对于不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂患者,切断或者固定LHBT具有相同效果;但是相对于固定术来说,LHBT切断术手术时间更短,患者疼痛缓解更快[15]。另一项Meta分析显示LHBT切断或固定术后,患者肩关节功能无明显差异,但是切断术后患者“大力水手征”和结节间沟疼痛发生率更高[16]。但也有研究表明,对于以疼痛为主诉的不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂患者,关节镜下清理术联合LHBT切断或者固定术均是较理想的手术方式,能明显缓解患者疼痛症状[17-18]。故LHBT转位成为治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的可行方法。

3. LHBT转位治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂的手术指征

尽管LHBT转位治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂可获得较好疗效,但并非所有患者均能选择该术式。Kocaoglu等[19]认为只有LHBT完整且质量较好者才能选择LHBT转位治疗,术前应通过MRI评估LHBT完整性和肌腱质量。Namdari等[20]认为对于疼痛造成肩关节功能明显减退以及肩袖初期重建成功概率低的患者,都可以考虑LHBT转位治疗。Selim等 [21]认为对于年轻、运动能力高且不伴有肩关节骨关节炎、严重肩关节旋转功能缺失的患者,LHBT转位可以重建肩关节旋转强度和力度的耦合,进而恢复稳定的运动力学,持续改善患肩关节功能,减轻患者疼痛。

综上,对于存在疼痛症状且LHBT质量尚可,不伴有肩关节骨关节炎、肩关节旋转功能无严重丢失的年轻患者,可以考虑使用LHBT转位治疗。

4. 不同方式LHBT转位治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂疗效

4.1. “断近端”

“断近端”是将LHBT转位至前后走行。Rhee等[22]提出于LHBT止点关节盂处将其切断后,用带线锚钉固定至肱骨大结节足印区,以1 cm间隔进行缝合;然后将LHBT与回缩的肩袖进行缝合固定。通过上述肌腱增强术来减小不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂肌腱缺损面积,使肩袖获得更好的结构愈合。他们临床应用该术式治疗31例患者并行平均32个月随访,结果显示患者静息及运动时疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Constant评分、CLA评分均较术前明显好转。Hast等[23]认为将LHBT桥接固定在足印区,可以填补一部分缺损回缩的肌腱,从而达到增强肌腱强度、减小原肌腱张力的目的,更有利于腱-骨愈合,加强了对肱骨头向下压的力量,维持肩关节在活动中的支点作用,并达到与三角肌之间的力偶平衡,恢复肩关节各个方向活动度。

4.2. “两头断”

“两头断”即自体移植重建Rotator Cable。在无血管的冈上、冈下肌腱远端,垂直于冈上肌腱方向的边缘有一层较厚纤维束,其由前向后附着于肱骨上,类似于悬索桥的缆索,故Burkhark等[24]将其命名为“Rotator Cable”,又称“肩袖吊索”。肩关节稳定性的维持不仅与肩袖解剖完整性有关,肩袖生物力学完整性同样重要。对于不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂患者,尽管肩袖组织解剖重建难以达到,但是通过重建Rotator Cable恢复肩袖组织的平面力偶,也能达到稳定肩关节的作用[25]

在一项生物力学研究中,研究者将8具新鲜冰冻尸体肩关节标本制成不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂模型,利用LHBT作为自体移植物重建Rotator Cable。结果显示肩关节各项关节运动学指标,包括盂肱上平移距离、最大外展角、最大三角肌肌力和肩峰下接触压力,均得到有效改善[26]。该研究证明利用LHBT重建Rotator Cable可以通过防止肱骨上端移位,降低最大三角肌肌力和肩峰下接触压力来改善肩关节功能,从而延缓不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂进一步发展。

不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂往往伴有LHBT损伤,既往单纯行切断或者固定LHBT治疗。Chen等[27]认为使用LHBT重建不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂可行,因为LHBT靠近肩袖,将其作为移植物能够减轻切取其他部位肌腱引起的并发症。而Veen等[28]认为该术式未将肩袖固定在足印区,没有实现解剖重建,在进行Rotator Cable重建时还有可能损伤肩胛下神经,并且LHBT的肌腱细胞与肩袖组织肌腱细胞走行不同,两者之间可能无法正常愈合。

4.3. “断远端”

“断远端”是将LHBT转位至内外走行,重建上关节囊。肩关节上关节囊附着在冈上肌和冈下肌深面,在稳定肱骨头方面与肩袖起着同样重要作用。当肩袖发生不可修复巨大撕裂时,肱骨头上移,与肩关节囊发生撞击,常引起上关节囊撕裂[29]。2013年,日本学者Mihata等[30]首次提出采用自体阔筋膜重建上关节囊,恢复肩袖组织的力偶平衡来治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂。之后,临床逐渐使用LHBT、同种异体真皮、自体腘绳肌肌腱等材料重建上关节囊[31-33]

对于前上型及后上型不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂,冈上肌撕裂伴冈下肌腱和肩胛下肌腱部分或者完全撕裂,有学者提出了“Chinese Way”,即关节镜下清理肱骨大结节,在合适张力下将LHBT转位至冈上肌腱足印区近关节面处,用三线锚钉固定后切断LHBT,将LHBT残端游离,同时利用锚钉缝合线对撕裂肩袖进行缝合[34]。Chillemi等[33]提出了与“Chinese Way”类似的方法,关节镜下清理肱骨大结节后,将LHBT拉至足印区最外侧,再将其远端切断,保持关节盂起始部稳定性;将LHBT移植物在内侧固定,LHBT远端利用无结锚钉固定在打磨后的大结节凹槽中,防止由于LHBT远端游离而导致的“大力水手征”;如果伴有肩胛下肌腱撕裂,可以选择双锚钉或者双穿骨隧道固定技术,将肩胛下肌腱固定至靠近LHBT肱骨大结节处。一项回顾性研究中,45例患者采用该术式重建上关节囊,平均随访32个月结果显示,患者VAS评分、美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分、Constant评分均较术前明显改善,并且肩关节各方向活动能力也显著增强[35]。另一项回顾性研究也发现与LHBT切断后的肩袖修补术式相比,肩袖修补术联合LHBT转位重建上关节囊治疗不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂术后,患者肩袖再撕裂率明显降低[36]

4.4. “不切断”

“不切断”是将LHBT转位固定,重建上关节囊。Hermanowicz等[37]通过间断褥式缝合将缝线从冈下肌肩峰处穿至关节面,再通过LHBT和冈上肌关节面,将冈上肌-LHBT-冈下肌缝合在一起,形成“三明治”结构;然后在大结节中央打入双线锚钉,用缝线将LHBT固定。整个过程对LHBT不作任何切断处理,重建肩关节上关节囊,恢复肩关节力偶平衡,并且最大程度保留LHBT连续性以及血供,为肩袖愈合奠定基础。Kim等[38]的研究认为由于LHBT距肩袖较近,采用LHBT替代阔筋膜转位重建上关节囊,不仅能对肱骨头产生向下压的作用,还能避免因使用其他移植物带来的感染风险。但该术式可能引起肱二头肌止点疼痛,并且加重肱二头肌退变程度,是其不足之处。

5. 小结

不可修复巨大肩袖撕裂是临床治疗难题,单纯肩袖修补术后再撕裂率高。LHBT转位是有效治疗该类损伤的技术之一,但需严格把握手术适应证,转位方式的选择需要结合患者意愿以及术者技术水平综合判定。

作者贡献:邓斌斌负责查阅文献与撰写论文;邓雪强及刘帅刚负责修改论文;郝亮负责论文审校。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究及文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。经费支持没有影响文章观点及其报道。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82060492);江西省自然科学基金资助项目(20192ACBL20035);江西省卫生健康委科技计划资助项目(20204350)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060492); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20192ACBL20035); Science and Technology Plan of Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission (20204350)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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