Phase Ib SEASTAR Study: Combining Rucaparib and Sacituzumab Govitecan in Patients With Cancer With or Without Mutations in Homologous Recombination Repair Genes

INTRODUCTION

Tumors characterized by homologous recombination deficiency, including BRCA1/2-mutated cancers, are sensitive to inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), enzymes that regulate DNA repair.^1,2 In tumor cells with mutated homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes, PARP inhibition synergizes with homologous recombination deficiency leading to synthetic lethality because of accumulated DNA damage.^2,3

Rational combinations designed to increase DNA damage and reliance on HRR are promising strategies for increasing sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, although overlapping toxicities, such as myelosuppression, suggest a need for more selective and rational targeted agents.^2,4-6 In human tumor cell lines, topoisomerase 1 (Topo1) inhibitors, including irinotecan and topotecan, have demonstrated synergy with PARP inhibitors.^4,5 Since PARP1 is required for the clearance of Topo1-DNA cleavable complexes, PARP inhibition may augment Topo1-mediated DNA damage or delay repair.^7,8 PARP inhibition has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of SN-38, the active metabolite in irinotecan and topotecan, in mismatch repair-deficient and repair-proficient cell lines.⁹ Furthermore, combination of a PARP inhibitor with topotecan or irinotecan in early clinical studies delayed repair of Topo1-mediated DNA damage, but also demonstrated challenges with overlapping hematologic and/or gastrointestinal toxicities.^10,11

The phase Ib SEASTAR study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03992131) was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in combination with other anticancer agents. Rucaparib is approved in the United States and European Union for treatment or maintenance treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer (OC),^12,13 and in the United States for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer,¹² and is under investigation in patients with solid tumors harboring mutations in HRR genes.¹⁴ Arm B of the SEASTAR study investigated the combination of rucaparib with sacituzumab govitecan (SG), a conjugate of SN-38 with a humanized antibody targeting Trop-2 (trophoblast cell-surface antigen-2), a cell surface antigen overexpressed in epithelial cancers that has been linked to aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Targeted delivery of SN-38 to cancer cells through an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a rational and effective strategy for combination therapy with a PARP inhibitor by potentially reducing off-target and additive toxicity.^15,16 SG is approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and urothelial cancer (UC),¹⁷ and has shown preliminary antitumor activity in other cancer types.¹⁸ Here, we report the results for six patients who received the combination of rucaparib and SG in arm B of the SEASTAR study.

METHODS

Study Design and Patients

The phase Ib open-label, parallel-arm SEASTAR study was approved by local and/or national institutional review boards and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation. All patients provided written informed consent for participation. The primary aim of the study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and recommended phase II dose; investigator-assessed objective response rate was a key secondary end point.

Arm B enrolled adult patients (≥ 18 years) with previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic TNBC or UC; or relapsed, platinum-resistant OC. Patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic solid tumors with documented evidence of a deleterious alteration in BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51C, and/or RAD51D were also eligible. Genomic alterations were identified by local testing or through central next-generation sequencing of tumor tissue or baseline plasma by Foundation Medicine (Cambridge, MA). Prior PARP inhibitor treatment was allowed, but patients previously treated with irinotecan, topotecan, or any derivative were excluded. Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria are included in the Protocol.

Study Treatment and Assessments

This study used a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design, with a starting dose of 300 mg rucaparib twice a day (cohort 1) or 300 mg rucaparib once daily (cohort 2) in combination with 6 mg/kg SG administered intravenously (IV), on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were evaluated in cycle 1. Treatment interruptions and/or dose reductions were permitted for rucaparib (in 100-mg decrements) or SG (by 25% dose reduction) in the event of toxicity. Growth factor administration was permitted for treatment of toxicity when clinically indicated. Prophylactic administration of growth factors was allowed after the DLT evaluation period. Response was assessed per RECIST, version 1.1 (v1.1). Detailed descriptions of predefined DLTs, management of adverse events (AEs), and safety and efficacy assessments are included in the Protocol.

RESULTS

Six patients were enrolled in two dose cohorts (n = 3 each). Patients in cohort 1 received a starting dose of 300 mg rucaparib twice a day plus 6 mg/kg IV SG on days 1 and 8 of each cycle; cohort 2 received 300 mg rucaparib once daily plus 6 mg/kg IV SG on days 1 and 8 of each cycle (Table 1). All patients had metastatic solid tumors, including TNBC (n = 2), OC (n = 2), endometrial (n = 1), and UC (n = 1). Two patients had a known deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation at enrollment, and one patient had a deleterious BARD1 mutation detected in circulating tumor DNA at baseline using central plasma testing. Patients received a median of 4 prior regimens (range, 3-8), with three patients previously receiving a PARP inhibitor (Fig 1).

TABLE 1.

Summary of Patient Demographics, Disease History, and Best Response

FIG 1.

Overview of efficacy and treatment with rucaparib plus SG. (A) Duration of treatment and best overall response. Arrowhead denotes ongoing treatment as of the August 11, 2020, data cutoff date. (B) Change in tumor volume over time for each patient. Dotted line indicates the threshold for partial response (30% decrease from baseline). Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, SG was withheld after cycle 6 for patient 1. SG was then discontinued during cycle 11 at the patient's request. SG was withheld after cycle 4 for patient 4 because of the pandemic. BARD1, BRCA-associated ring domain protein 1; BRCA1, BRCA1 DNA repair associated; BRCA2, BRCA2 DNA repair associated; HRR, homologous recombination repair; OC, ovarian cancer; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; SG, sacituzumab govitecan; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; UC, urothelial cancer.

Two of three patients in cohort 1 experienced DLTs of grade 4 neutropenia. No DLTs were observed in cohort 2, although grade 3/4 neutropenia led to 1- to 2-week delays in starting cycle 2 in all three patients. All patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent AE (TEAE) (Table 2). The most common TEAEs were neutropenia/decreased absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (n = 6), diarrhea (n = 5), increased ALT/AST (n = 4), and asthenia/fatigue (n = 4). Grade ≥ 3 TEAEs were reported in five patients; those reported in ≥ 2 patients were neutropenia/decreased ANC (n = 5) and decreased WBC count (n = 2), all considered treatment-related. Genotypic analysis of ABCC2, SLCO1B1, and UGT1A1^21,22 showed no clear trends relating patient genotype and toxicity (Data Supplement, Supplemental Table 1). With management of TEAEs via treatment interruption, dose reduction, and/or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support, all patients continued treatment for ≥ 12 weeks, with a mean (±standard deviation) exposure of 25.7 ± 10.5 weeks for rucaparib and 22.1 ± 9.3 weeks (7.3 ± 2.9 cycles) for SG (Fig 2). As of the cutoff date of August 11, 2020, one patient with OC in cohort 1 (patient 1) remained on rucaparib for 44+ weeks (having discontinued SG after week 37 [cycle 11]).

TABLE 2.

TEAEs and Treatment-Related Adverse Events Reported in > 20% of Patients (≥ 2 patients)

FIG 2.

Investigator-assessed tumor response and ANC over the course of treatment. A timeline is included for each patient showing treatment interruptions (gray bars) and dose reductions of oral rucaparib (twice a day or once daily) and SG (administered intravenously on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle), as well as administration of growth factors. Dotted line indicates the threshold for partial response (30% decrease from baseline). ANC, absolute neutrophil count; R, rucaparib; SG, sacituzumab govitecan. ^aEvaluated per RECIST v1.1.

All patients had an investigator-assessed best response of RECIST v1.1 stable disease or better (Fig 1). Three patients had a confirmed RECIST v1.1 partial response (Fig 3); all three patients were previously treated with a PARP inhibitor until disease progression (two with niraparib monotherapy, and one with veliparib plus dinaciclib), including one patient with no known deleterious HRR gene mutation (Table 1). No reversion mutations in HRR genes were identified in these three patients by central testing.

FIG 3.

Representative computed tomography scans showing confirmed RECIST version 1.1 partial responses. Patient 2 had an overall 46.2% reduction in endometrial cancer tumor burden at day 88, including a 41.2% decrease in diameter of the small, left pelvic mesenteric nodule shown. Patient 4 experienced complete regression of a 1.4-cm serosal ovarian cancer metastatic implant in the posterior bladder wall by day 170. Patient 5 had a 68.6% reduction in diameter of the left iliac lymph node lesion shown here at day 86 and an overall best response of 47.1% reduction in triple-negative breast cancer tumor burden.

DISCUSSION

The results from this case series suggest that rucaparib plus SG has promising antitumor activity in patients with advanced solid tumors, including PARP inhibitor–exposed patients with tumors with and without HRR gene mutations. Although submaximal doses of SG and rucaparib were combined, decreases in ANC levels were observed. DLTs because of neutropenia were not unexpected, given the known toxicity profiles of Topo1 and PARP inhibitors.^12,15,23-25 In a previous study in advanced epithelial cancers, 33% of patients experienced grade ≥ 3 neutropenia with SG monotherapy.¹⁵ Combinations of topotecan or irinotecan with olaparib or irinotecan-based chemotherapy with veliparib resulted in hematologic DLTs or severe toxicities and are no longer in development.^26-28 Although UGT1A1 genotype has been linked to elevated rates of neutropenia and diarrhea with irinotecan or SG^15,22,29-31 and neutropenia with rucaparib plus irinotecan,³² the results from this study did not show any clear relationships with such toxicities. However, correlations may have been limited by the small number of patients in this series.

In patients treated with SG monotherapy, neutropenia is typically managed with a combination of treatment interruptions, dose reductions, or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration.¹⁷ By applying similar strategies in this study, all patients were able to continue therapy and had a best response of RECIST v1.1 stable disease or better. Antitumor activity in a patient with prior PARP inhibitor treatment without HRR mutation is notable, given the current unmet clinical need in identifying rational combinations capable of enhancing the efficacy of PARP inhibitor therapy in a broader range of patients beyond those harboring HRR-mutant tumors.^2,6

In summary, the results from the SEASTAR study provide proof-of-concept clinical evidence supporting further development of PARP inhibitors in combination with ADCs carrying Topo1-inhibitor payloads. Importantly, recent data suggest that a pulse-dosing schedule of rucaparib plus irinotecan allows for long-term tolerability and has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in patients with tumors harboring ATM mutations.³² Combination of other Trop-2–directed ADCs, such as datopotamab deruxtecan,¹⁸ with more selective PARP inhibitors, such as the PARP1-targeted inhibitor AZD5305,³³ may also improve tolerability. Although no optimal recommended phase II dose was established in the current study, these data suggest that combination trials are warranted to investigate intermittent dosing of PARP inhibitors together with SG or other ADCs to reduce myelosuppression and optimize antitumor efficacy; future research may also help clarify the relative contributions of each agent to the observed antitumor activity.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conception and design: Timothy A. Yap, Erika Hamilton, Aaron Enke, Heidi Giordano, Geoffrey I. Shapiro

Provision of study materials or patients: Timothy A. Yap, Erika Hamilton, Todd Bauer, Ecaterina E. Dumbrava, Rinath Jeselsohn, Geoffrey I. Shapiro

Collection and assembly of data: Timothy A. Yap, Erika Hamilton, Todd Bauer, Ecaterina E. Dumbrava, Rinath Jeselsohn, Geoffrey I. Shapiro

Data analysis and interpretation: Timothy A. Yap, Erika Hamilton, Ecaterina E. Dumbrava, Aaron Enke, Kevin K. Lin, Jenn Habeck, Geoffrey I. Shapiro

Manuscript writing: All authors

Final approval of manuscript: All authors

Accountable for all aspects of the work: All authors

AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated unless otherwise noted. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/po/author-center.

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