Table 2.
Biochemicals values of patients in different groups at inclusion time.
| Biochemicals values | Standard reference (or mean of the matched group) | Matched control (n = 15) | Non-ICU COVID-19 (n = 30) | ICU COVID-19 (n = 30) | Septic shock (n = 10) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood count | |||||
| Haematocrit | 38–48% | - | 40.5 ± 4.8 | 37.4 ± 5.7 | 29.1 ± 6.6 |
| Neutrophils count | 1.6–7.0 × 10³/µL | - | 4.9 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 2.5 | 15.5 ± 9.6*,$ |
| Lymphocytes count | 0.8–5 × 10³/µL | - | 1.1 ± 4.3 * | 0.7 ± 3.1 | 1.0 ± 5.6 |
| NLR | < 1.6 | - | 5.3 ± 3.4 * | 10.4 ± 7.8 | 14.9 ± 8.5 |
| Platelets counts | 150–450 × 10³/µL | - | 221.9 ± 87.2 | 199.3 ± 65.1 | 119.1 ± 107.6*,$ |
| Primary haemostasis | |||||
| vWF: Ag, % | 66–176 | 148.3 ± 50.0*,$ | 341.9 ± 126.8 * | 418.2 ± 112.9 | 421.4 ± 151.1 |
| VWF: RCo, % | 60–200 | 114 ± 45.4*,$ | 268.2 ± 100.7* | 328.5 ± 88.5 | 341.7 ± 107.4 |
| ADAMTS13 protease activity, % | > 40 | 94.2 ± 7.7* | 92.6 ± 6.9* | 78.8 ± 15.0 | 42.6 ± 18.7*,$ |
| vWF: Ag to ADAMTS13 activity ratio | < 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6*,$ | 3.7 ± 1.4* | 5.4 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 10.2*,$ |
| Coagulation markers | |||||
| APTT, s | 25.1–36.5 | - | 28.0 ± 4.7 | 30.4 ± 3.7 | 48.5 ± 30.5*,$ |
| INR | 0.8–1.2 | - | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.7*,$ |
| AT, % | 78 – 130 | 108.2 ± 14* | 108.6 ± 19.4* | 91.5 ± 18.9 | 45.6 ± 20.7*,$ |
| C protein, % | 70–130 | 127.6 ± 16.1* | 115.3 ± 29.5* | 94.5 ± 23 | 39.4 ± 18*,$ |
| Fibrinolysis markers | |||||
| D-dimer, ng/mL | < 500 | - | 863 ± 642 | 1169 ± 1442 | 8820 ± 10704*,$ |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 150 – 450 | - | 508.5 ± 106.1⁎ | 623.6 ± 135.0 | 408.1 ± 181.8*,$ |
| tPA, pg/mL | 1058–7576 | 5518 ± 2956*,$ | 10640 ± 6665* | 16697 ± 5781 | 18317 ± 5165$ |
| PAI-1, ng / mL | 2.66–69.3 | 53.6 ± 14.2*,$ | 111.4 ± 37.4 | 92.5 ± 44.3 | 144.2 ± 108.2 |
| Soluble adhesion molecules | |||||
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 106–337 | 280.8 ± 69.8* | 315.2 ± 94.9* | 418.2 ± 95.3 | 593.6 ± 197.7*,$ |
| Vasomotor tonus | |||||
| ET1, pg/mL | 0.58–2 | 2.1 ± 0.6* | 3.1 ± 1.6* | 4.1 ± 2.6 | 4.6 ± 2.8 |
| HbNO, nmol/L | > 160 | 163.3 ± 46.7* | 161.5 ± 73.7* | 116.1 ± 62.1 | 451 ± 447*,$ |
| NOx, μM/L | > 60 | 61.8 ± 48.3* | 41.4 ± 32.3* | 25.2 ± 28.5 | 96.8 ± 100.9* |
| RAAS axis | |||||
| sACE2, pg/mL | < 350 | 341.9 ± 618.5* | 659.8 ± 863.4 | 1080.3 ± 1317.3 | 1820.1 ± 2150.8 |
| Angiotensin II, fmol/mL | 1 – 20 | 2.0 ± 1.1*,$ | 0.86 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 10.9 ± 17.2*,$ |
| Aldosterone, pg/mL | 9–272 | 284.4 ± 181.4 | 120.3 ± 81.9* | 235.1 ± 145.1 | 295.0 ± 119.5$ |
| Aldosterone to Angiotensin II ratio | < 200 | 198.7 ± 165.0 | 181.9 ± 157.9 | 296.4 ± 247.6 | 106.8 ± 121.5*,$ |
| Renin, pg/mL | 2–70 | 19.7 ± 13.2 | 15.8 ± 11.3 | 20.0 ± 22.7 | 375.9 ± 685.2*,$ |
| Endovascular oxidative stress | |||||
| Plasma lipid peroxidation, mmol/L | < 450 | 436 ± 272.1*,$ | 1467.3 ± 566.2 | 1456.0 ± 400.2 | 369.3 ± 187.6*,$ |
| sTREM-1, pg/mL | < 130 | 127.8 ± 49.2* | 111.6 ± 49.8* | 265.3 ± 161.2 | 608 ± 338.3*,$ |
Data are mean (± SD) or n (%). Standard reference refers to standard laboratory values or values previously observed in control subjects. NLR= Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio. vWF = Von Willebrand Factor. vWF: Ag = vWF antigen. VWF:RCo = vWF activity. ADAMTS13 = a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I repeats-13. APTT= activated partial thromboplastin time. INR= International Normalized Ratio. AT = antithrombin. tPA = Tissue plasminogen activator. PAI-1 = Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. sICAM-1 = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. ET1 = Endothelin 1. HbNO = 5-α-nitrosyl-hemoglobin. NOx = plasma Nitrite/Nitrate. RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system axis. sACE2 = soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. s-TREM-1 = soluble Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.
P < 0.05 compared to ICU Covid-19 patients.
P < 0.05 compared to non-ICU Covid-19 patients by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's correction for multiple comparisons, normal distribution or by Kruskal-Wallis corrected by Dunn's correction for multiple comparisons for ADAMST13, APTT, sACE2, Ang II and Aldosterone, not normally distributed. All analyses were performed after logarithmic transformation.