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Schematic representation of metformin’s action on macrophage polarization, showing its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on macrophages. Metformin inhibits the polarization of M1 macrophages while favoring M2 macrophages. In addition to this effect, metformin dampens ROS production by these cells. Metformin may exert its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through the reduction in NOX2-induced ROS production in an AMPK-dependent manner.
