Abstract
Anterior circulation stroke (ACS) differs from posterior circulation stroke (PCS) in many ways, but it remains unclear whether there is any difference in early neurological deterioration (END) in two stroke territories. We compared post-thrombolytic END between ACS and PCS based on the data from INTRECIS. We screened patients receiving intravenous 0.9 mg/kg alteplase within 4.5 h in the INTRECIS cohort. According to stroke territory, patients were divided into ACS and PCS groups. The primary outcome was incidence of END, which was defined as an increase in NIHSS score ≥ 4 or death within 24 h from baseline. The secondary outcomes were associated factors of END and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) distribution. Overall, 1194 patients were enrolled in this study: 942 in ACS group and 252 in PCS group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of END between two groups (3.8% vs 5.2%, adjusted p = 0.406). Atrial fibrillation (adjusted p = 0.012) and TOAST classification (adjusted p = 0.009) were associated with END in ACS, while hypertension history (adjusted p = 0.046) and baseline NIHSS score (adjusted p = 0.011) with END in PCS. END was associated with worse outcome on 90-day mRS in ACS and PCS (adjusted p < 0.001). Based on a prospective nationwide cohort, we provided first report for similar incidence, but different risk factors of post-thrombolytic END in ACS vs PCS patients.
Trial Registration-URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02854592.
Subject terms: Neuroscience, Neurology
Introduction
According to vascular territories occurring ischemic lesions, ischemic stroke can be broadly divided into anterior circulation stroke (ACS) and posterior circulation stroke (PCS). Intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase is an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke1,2.
Some previous studies showed different post-thrombolytic outcomes between ACS and PCS3,4, which may be attributed to the difference in etiology, symptoms, and risk factors5, while Sommer et al. did not find the different functional outcomes between PCS and ACS6.
Early neurological deterioration (END) occurring in 24 h after stroke is unpredictable and may influence the outcome for patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis7. Previous studies have comprehensively investigated the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of END, however most of these studies focused on ACS8,9. Notably, up to date, no study has investigated whether there is difference in post-thrombolytic END between ACS and PCS.
INtravenous Thrombolysis REgistry for Chinese Ischaemic Stroke within 4.5 h of onset (INTRECIS) is a ‘real world’, prospective, nationwide, and multicenter registry study in China10. Based on the data from INTRECIS study, we aimed to compare the incidence of post-thrombolytic END between ACS and PCS. Furthermore, we investigated potential associated factors of END in ACS and PCS, respectively.
Results
Out of 3810 patients enrolled in INTRECIS cohort between April 2017 and July 2019, 1194 patients were included in the present study: 942 (78.9%) in ACS group and 252 (21.1%) in PCS group (Fig. 1). Baseline characteristics in two groups were shown in Table 1. Patients with PCS had more hypertension (51.6% vs 65.9%) and diabetes mellitus history (16.2% vs 27.4%), higher body mass index (23.8 kg/m2 vs 24.5 kg/m2) and blood glucose (6.80 mmol/L vs 7.30 mmol/L), longer symptom onset to thrombolysis time (165 min vs 179 min), and less atrial fibrillation (10.6% vs 5.6%) and cardioembolism (14.8% vs 7.1%). END occurred in 49 (4.1%) patients: 36 (27 with ischemic END and 9 with hemorrhagic END) in ACS group and 13 (9 with ischemic END and 4 with hemorrhagic END) in PCS group (Fig. 2). After adjusting all the baseline variables, the incidence of END was similar in ACS group and PCS group (3.8% vs 5.2%, OR = 0.750, 95% CI 0.381–1.477, adjusted p = 0.406).
Figure 1.
Flow chart of eligible patients. INTRECIS intravenous thrombolysis registry for Chinese Ischaemic stroke within 4.5 h of onset.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in ACS group and PCS group.
| Variable | ACS (n = 942) | PCS (n = 252) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 64 (56–72) | 62 (55–70) | 0.066 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 640 (67.9) | 164 (65.1) | 0.390 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 365 (38.7) | 95 (37.7) | 0.761 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 218 (23.1) | 62 (24.6) | 0.627 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 486 (51.6) | 166 (65.9) | 0.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 153 (16.2) | 69 (27.4) | 0.000 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 36 (3.8) | 10 (4.0) | 0.914 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 132 (14.0) | 36 (14.3) | 0.912 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 100 (10.6) | 14 (5.6) | 0.015 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 157 (16.7) | 54 (21.4) | 0.078 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 23.8 (21.1–26.1) | 24.5 (22.0–27.1) | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 151 (137–165) | 150 (134–169) | 0.609 |
| DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 88 (80–98) | 89 (80–99) | 0.789 |
| OTT (min), median (IQR) | 165 (125–206) | 179 (143–216) | 0.016 |
| DNT (min), median (IQR) | 54 (34–85) | 60 (37–85) | 0.922 |
| Baseline NIHSS, median (IQR) | 6 (3–11) | 5 (3–9) | 0.904 |
| BG (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 6.80 (5.80–8.60) | 7.30 (6.12–10.00) | 0.001 |
| TOAST classification | 0.000 | ||
| LAA, n (%) | 470 (49.9) | 133 (52.8) | |
| CE, n (%) | 139 (14.8) | 18 (7.1) | |
| SAO, n (%) | 261 (27.7) | 78 (31.0) | |
| ODC, n (%) | 19 (2.0) | 7 (2.8) | |
| UND, n (%) | 53 (5.6) | 16 (6.3) |
ACS anterior circulation stroke, BG blood glucose, BMI body mass index, CE cardioembolism, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DNT door to needle time, IQR interquartile range, LAA large-artery atherosclerosis, NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, ODC stroke of other determined cause, OTT symptom onset to thrombolysis time, PCS posterior circulation stroke, SAO small-artery occlusion, SBP systolic blood pressure, TOAST trial of Org 10,172 in acute stroke treatment, UND stroke of undetermined cause.
Figure 2.
Proportion of patients in anterior vs posterior circulation stroke groups. ACS anterior circulation stroke, END early neurological deterioration, ENDi END due to ischemic injure; ENDh END due to hemorrhagic injure, PCS posterior circulation stroke.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the most significant independent factors associated with END were atrial fibrillation (OR = 3.657, 95% CI 1.323–10.107, adjusted p = 0.012) and TOAST classification (OR = 1.703, 95% CI 1.142–2.538, adjusted p = 0.009) in ACS group (Table 2), while hypertension history (OR = 11.298, 95% CI 1.043–122.409, adjusted p = 0.046) and baseline NIHSS score (OR = 1.099, 95% CI 1.021–1.182, adjusted p = 0.011) in PCS group (Table 3).
Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis on associated factors in ACS group.
| Variables | END (n = 36) | Non-END (n = 906) | OR | 95% CI | Adjusted P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), median (IQR) | 63 (54–69) | 64 (56–72) | 0.974 | 0.941–1.007 | 0.125 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 25 (69.4) | 615 (67.9) | 1.318 | 0.558–3.114 | 0.528 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 12 (33.3) | 353 (39.0) | 0.582 | 0.234–1.444 | 0.243 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 210 (23.2) | 0.790 | 0.290–2.155 | 0.645 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 22 (61.1) | 464 (48.8) | 1.843 | 0.864–3.931 | 0.114 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 5 (13.9) | 148 (16.3) | 0.810 | 0.257–2.559 | 0.720 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (4.0) | 0.000 | 0.000- | 0.998 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 5 (13.9) | 127 (14.0) | 0.784 | 0.277–2.221 | 0.647 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 7 (19.4) | 93 (10.3) | 3.657 | 1.323–10.107 | 0.012 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 5 (13.9) | 152 (16.8) | 0.749 | 0.273–2.059 | 0.576 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 23.8 (20.8–26.7) | 23.8 (21.1–26.1) | 0.970 | 0.876–1.073 | 0.551 |
| SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 151 (131–165) | 151 (137–165) | 1.001 | 0.981–1.022 | 0.932 |
| DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 90 (79–99) | 88 (80–98) | 1.018 | 0.986–1.051 | 0.273 |
| OTT (min), median (IQR) | 169 (123–213) | 165 (125–206) | 1.002 | 0.996–1.009 | 0.456 |
| DNT (min), median (IQR) | 58 (39–84) | 54 (34–85) | 1.003 | 0.995–1.011 | 0.425 |
| Baseline NIHSS, median (IQR) | 6 (2–9) | 6 (3–11) | 0.947 | 0.884–1.015 | 0.124 |
| BG (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 6.74 (5.87–7.96) | 6.80 (5.80–8.61) | 0.984 | 0.860–1.126 | 0.814 |
| NLR at admission, median (IQR) | 2.02 (1.37–5.17) | 2.78 (1.80–4.63) | 0.938 | 0.813–1.081 | 0.376 |
| TOAST classification | 1.703 | 1.142–2.538 | 0.009 | ||
| LAA, n (%) | 24 (66.7) | 446 (49.2) | |||
| CE, n (%) | 4 (11.1) | 135 (14.9) | |||
| SAO, n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 253 (27.9) | |||
| ODC, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (2.1) | |||
| UND, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 53 (5.8) |
ACS anterior circulation stroke, BG blood glucose, BMI body mass index, CE cardioembolism, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DNT door to needle time, END early neurological deterioration, IQR interquartile range, LAA large-artery atherosclerosis, NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ODC stroke of other determined cause, OTT symptom onset to thrombolysis time, SAO small-artery occlusion, SBP systolic blood pressure, TOAST trial of Org 10,172 in acute stroke treatment, UND stroke of undetermined cause.
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis on associated factors in PCS group.
| Variables | END (n = 13) | Non-END (n = 239) | OR | 95% CI | Adjusted P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), median (IQR) | 66 (53–73) | 62 (55–70) | 1.026 | 0.959–1.096 | 0.457 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 10 (76.9) | 154 (64.4) | 1.752 | 0.302–10.170 | 0.532 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 6 (46.2) | 89 (37.2) | 1.048 | 0.205–5.346 | 0.955 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 4 (30.8) | 58 (24.3) | 2.462 | 0.397–15.257 | 0.333 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 12 (92.3) | 154 (64.4) | 11.298 | 1.043–122.409 | 0.046 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4 (30.8) | 65 (27.2) | 1.517 | 0.328–7.008 | 0.593 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (4.2) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.998 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 34 (14.2) | 1.079 | 0.189–6.157 | 0.932 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (5.9) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.999 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 5 (38.5) | 49 (20.5) | 2.375 | 0.615–9.172 | 0.210 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 23.0 (21.5–27.6) | 24.5 (22.0–27.1) | 0.920 | 0.749–1.131 | 0.429 |
| SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 159 (134–182) | 150 (134–169) | 1.016 | 0.982–1.050 | 0.357 |
| DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 90 (80–99) | 89 (80–99) | 1.065 | 0.990–1.146 | 0.091 |
| OTT (min), median (IQR) | 175 (119–194) | 180 (143–217) | 0.993 | 0.981–1.005 | 0.239 |
| DNT (min), median (IQR) | 60 (31–102) | 60 (37–85) | 1.002 | 0.984–1.020 | 0.853 |
| Baseline NIHSS, median (IQR) | 10 (5–22) | 5 (3–9) | 1.099 | 1.021–1.182 | 0.011 |
| BG (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 8.29 (6.15–10.13) | 7.30 (6.10–9.99) | 1.044 | 0.881–1.238 | 0.617 |
| NLR at admission, median (IQR) | 7.46 (2.15–10.20) | 6.33 (3.93–8.73) | 1.037 | 0.998–1.078 | 0.062 |
| TOAST classification | 1.330 | 0.704–2.512 | 0.380 | ||
| LAA, n (%) | 10 (76.9) | 123 (51.5) | |||
| CE, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (7.5) | |||
| SAO, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 77 (32.2) | |||
| ODC, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 5 (2.1) | |||
| UND, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (6.7) |
BG blood glucose, BMI body mass index, CE cardioembolism, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DNT door to needle time, END early neurological deterioration, IQR interquartile range, LAA large-artery atherosclerosis, NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ODC stroke of other determined cause, OTT symptom onset to thrombolysis time, PCS posterior circulation stroke, SAO small-artery occlusion, SBP systolic blood pressure, TOAST trial of Org 10,172 in acute stroke treatment, UND stroke of undetermined cause.
Ordinal logistic regression analysis demonstrated that END was associated with worse functional outcomes on the 90-day mRS, compared with Non-END patients in ACS group (OR = 2.301, 95% CI 1.685–2.917, adjusted p < 0.001) and PCS group (OR = 3.314, 95% CI 2.132–4.496, adjusted p < 0.001), respectively (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
The 90-day mRS distribution in thrombolytic patients with Non-END vs END. (A) 90-day mRS distribution in anterior circulation stroke. (B) 90-day mRS distribution in posterior circulation stroke. END early neurological deterioration, mRS modified ranking scale.
Discussion
To our best knowledge, this is the first study comparing post-thrombolytic END between ACS and PCS. Our study demonstrated 3 facts: (1) the incidence of END was similar between ACS and PCS; (2) more atrial fibrillation and large-artery atherosclerosis increased risk of END in ACS, while more hypertension history and higher baseline NIHSS score increased risk of END in PCS; (3) END was associated with worse functional outcomes at 90 days in ACS and PCS.
The proportion of patients with PCS in the present study was comparable to that reported in previous studies (21.1% vs 16.8–20.4%)12,13. The incidence of END in the present study was lower than that described in a previous meta-analysis (4.1% vs 13.8%)7, however similar to that from real-world study (4.1% vs 5.8–6.7%)8,14. Longer door-to-needle time caused by delayed neurology evaluation or missed accuracy diagnosis maybe contribute to increased END in PCS15,16. Given that symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was reported as a cause of END, we also investigated the proportion of END due to hemorrhagic injury in two groups. The incidence of hemorrhagic END was similar in ACS vs PCS groups (1.0% vs 1.6%), but lower than that reported in the previous study (2.9%)17. The lower proportion of hemorrhagic END could possibly be due to the inclusion of patients with predominantly mild neurological deficits in the present study comparing with previous studies (median baseline NIHSS: 6 vs 15). In agreement with previous studies7,8, END was associated with worse functional outcome at 90 days in the present study.
Another highlight of this study was different risk factors of END in ACS vs PCS. In ACS group, we found more atrial fibrillation and large-artery atherosclerosis were associated with END. Consistent with previous findings8,18, patients with END tended to have more atrial fibrillation and large-artery atherosclerosis in ACS group, which maybe contribute to poor collateral circulation and ischemic stroke progression19,20. Nevertheless, several reported risk factors of END were not found in the present study, such as NIHSS score and blood glucose7. These conflicting results may be explained by lower baseline NIHSS score (6 vs 11) and blood glucose (6.7 mmol/L vs 9.0 mmol/L) in the present study comparing with previous studies8,21. Unexpectedly, distinct from ACS group, more hypertension history and higher baseline NIHSS score were firstly found to be associated with END in PCS group. Hypertension had been considered as a predictor of END in the previous study8, which reduced collateral blood supply and increased risk of post-thrombolytic hemorrhagic transformation22–24. Interestingly, NIHSS score seems less effective for evaluating PCS, however it predicted higher risk of END in the present study, which was supported by previous studies finding that NIHSS at admission was associated with END through increasing intracerebral hemorrhage in PCS25,26.
Study limitations
Although this is the first report to find similar incidence, but different risk factors of post-thrombolytic END in ACS vs PCS based on a large-sample, prospective, nationwide registry study, several limitations of our study should be noted. Firstly, uncalculated sample size and large share of excluded patients in this secondary analysis may weaken the power of conclusion. Secondly, as NIHSS seems to be less reliable for PCS, the incidence of END defined with change of NIHSS score may be underestimated in PCS group. And the lower incidence of END in PCS group limited our ability to draw more definitive conclusion. Thirdly, because of lower incidence of END in two groups, we couldn’t comprehensively investigate the specificity and predictive power of risk factors in two stroke territories. Lastly, as INTRECIS study was only performed in Chinese ischemic stroke, the conclusion in the present study had limitation in ethnicity. A cohort with large sample and multiethnic patients warrants further investigation.
Conclusions
The current study provided the first report about END after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with ACS vs PCS, and found similar incidence, but different risk factors of END in the two distinct types of stroke.
Methods
Study population and procedures
The detailed design of INTRECIS study has been reported10. From the INTRECIS cohort, patients were included with following criteria: consecutive adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with brain imaging confirmed AIS who were previously well (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] scores 0 or 1) and received the treatment with 0.9 mg/kg intravenous alteplase (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co) within 4.5 h of a definite time of onset of symptoms. Patients were excluded with following criteria: (1) received intravenous thrombolysis with urokinase or non-standard dose of alteplase; (2) no imaging data used to identify stroke territory; (3) received endovascular intervention in 24 h after intravenous thrombolysis; (4) uncompleted baseline clinical data for logistic regression analysis. All patients and/or their legally gave written informed consent for data collection and follow-up.
According to clinical symptom and imaging data, patients were divided into two groups: ACS group, with culprit vessel located in the internal carotid, middle or anterior cerebral artery, and PCS group, with culprit vessel in the vertebral, basilar, or posterior cerebral artery.
We collected baseline characteristics of patients including age, gender, current smoker, current drinker, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, history of stroke, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, symptom onset to thrombolysis time, door to needle time, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, blood glucose, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification11, and imaging data. Additionally, NIHSS score and imaging data were collected at admission and 24 h after intravenous thrombolysis, respectively. We also collected mRS at 90 days after intravenous thrombolysis.
Outcomes
The primary outcome was incidence of END after intravenous thrombolysis, which was compared between ACS and PCS groups. END was defined as an increase in NIHSS score ≥ 4 at 24 h, including death within 24 h from baseline3. The secondary outcomes were associated factors of END and 90-day mRS distribution.
Ethics approval
The study was centrally approved by General Hospital of Northern Theater Command Ethics Committee and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Statistical analysis
We performed descriptive statistics for baseline characteristics. Continuous variables with abnormal distribution were described as median and inter-quartile range. Continuous variables included age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, symptom onset to thrombolysis time, door to needle time, NIHSS scores, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and blood glucose. Categorical variables were described as number and proportions. Categorical variables included gender, current smoker, current drinker, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, history of stroke, and TOAST classification.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjusting all the baseline variables was used to compare incidence of END between ACS and PCS, and identify factors associated with END. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to investigate association between END and 90-day mRS. Results were reported with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). In the relevant analytic tests, differences were considered statistically significant with a p value < 0.05. The statistical software SPSS version 23.0 (IBM, NY, USA) was used for the analysis.
Acknowledgements
We thank all INTRECIS investigators and their centers for the data collected. We also thank all patients who participated in the INTRECIS study.
Author contributions
W.H.M. and H.S.C. supervised the design. Y.C. conducted the analyses and drafted the manuscript. H.S.C. reviewed.
Funding
Grants from the Project on Research and Application of Effective Intervention Techniques for Chinese Stroke Guidelines from the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China (GN-2016R0008) and National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1308203).
Data availability
Data are available on reasonable request.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Wei-Hong Meng, Email: meng.weihong@qq.com.
Hui-Sheng Chen, Email: chszh@aliyun.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data are available on reasonable request.