Table 1.

Lipid extracts of algae with antioxidant activity tested in chemico and in vitro with potential application on skin diseases. Abbreviations: ABTS—2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, CAT—catalase, DPPH—2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, FAME—fatty acyl methyl esters, HO-1—heme oxygenase-1, IL-6—interleukin-6, MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase, MMP—metalloproteinase, NHFD—normal human dermal fibroblasts, ROS—reactive oxygen species, SOD—superoxide dismutase, TGF-1—tumor growth factor-1, UVB—ultraviolet B.

Studies	Mechanism	Assay	Identified Lipids	Algae Species	Ref.
in chemico	Free radical scavenging	ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion	Polar lipids, neutral lipids, FAME	Macroalgae: Bifurcaria bifurcata, Codium tomentosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Gracilaria gracilis Grateloupia turuturu, Palmaria palmata, Porphyra dioica Sargassum muticum, Solieria chordalis, Ulva rigida Microalgae: Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Nannochloropsis oceanica, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Scenedesmus intermedius Scenedesmus obliquus, Spirulina sp., Tetraselmis chui	[69,70,82,83]
in vitro	Detoxify intracellular ROS	Increased the expression of Nrf2 in irradiated HaCat cells Upregulate target antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn SOD, CAT, and HO-1	Crude ethanolic extract	Macroalga: Carpomitra costata	[84]
	Free radical scavenging	Superoxide generation on peritoneal leukocytes	Sulfoquinovosylacylglycerols	Microalgae: Porphyridium cruentum	[86]
	Inhibition of ROS	Photoprotective against UVB in NHDF	Crude ethyl acetate extract	Microalga: Ettlia sp. YC001	[85]
	Enzyme/protein expression	Downregulation of expression of MMPs	Crude ethanolic extract	Microalga: Arthrospira platensis	[87]
	Enzyme/protein expression	Downregulation of expression of MMPs, IL-6 and TGF-1 in human dermal fibroblast Modulate MAPK in irradiated HaCat cells	Fucosterol	Macroalga: Sargassum fusiforme	[88,89]