Abstract
Objective
The clinical features of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) in breast cancer patients were retrospectively analyzed, and the clinical features of primary lung cancer (PLC) and metastatic pulmonary breast cancer (MBC) in breast cancer patients were compared, and the treatment plan, curative effect and influencing factors were analyzed.
Methods
The clinical data of 106 patients of SPN combined with breast cancer surgery in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2020 were analyzed. There were 65 patients of PLC and 41 patients of MBC. Record the characteristics of the primary breast cancer lesion in our patient, the interval between the initial diagnosis of breast cancer and the appearance of SPN, the previous treatment history of our patient, and the characteristics and surgical method of SPN. The survival status of all patients during the follow-up period was recorded.
Results
The onset age, interval, maximum nodule diameter, ER expression positive rate and radiotherapy history ratio of PLC patients were higher than those of MBC patients, and the lymph node positive rate and triple negative rate were lower than those of MBC patients (P < 0.05). Median survival was 51 months in patients with PLC and 37 months in patients with MBC. The 1, 3, and 5 year overall survival rates in patients with PLC were higher than those in patients with MBC (P < 0.05). Vascular tumor thrombus, SPN type and chemotherapy were all independent factors affecting the prognosis of patients with breast cancer combined with SPN (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
PLC patients and MBC patients have significant differences in pathological characteristics, like the onset age, interval, maximum nodule diameter, ER expression positive rate, radiotherapy history ratio, the lymph node positive rate, and triple negative rate. Septum, vascular tumor thrombus, SPN type, and chemotherapy are all independent factors that affect the curative effect of breast cancer patients with SPN. Based on the nature of SPN, it can provide reference for clinicians to decide the treatment plan, improve patients' quality of life and prolong their survival time.
Keywords: breast cancer, primary lung cancer, metastatic pulmonary breast cancer, treatment, prognosis
Introduction
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women, and its incidence is extremely high (1). With the application of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, the survival time of breast cancer patients is prolonged, but the risk of secondary primary cancer is increasing gradually. Studies have shown that the primary malignant tumors secondary to breast cancer mainly include endometrial cancer, blood tumor, lung cancer, and so on (2). It is the second most common primary cancer patients with breast cancer, and the lung is also the common metastatic site of breast cancer (3, 4). When an isolated pulmonary nodule (SPN) is found in patients with breast cancer, it is easy to diagnose metastatic pulmonary breast cancer (MBC) clinically, and the treatment direction will be biased toward breast cancer, leading to the change of treatment choice (5). The clinical diagnosis and treatment of MBC need to be differentiated, but the epidemiological and clinicopathological features of secondary lung cancer after breast cancer have not been fully revealed, and multi-center research lacks the support of big data. Therefore, when finding SPN in breast cancer patients, the first clinical problem to be solved to accurately diagnose the nature of SPN and distinguish between primary lung cancer (PLC) and MBC, which is of great significance to guide breast cancer patients and SPN patients to choose the best individualized treatment scheme (6, 7). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients with SPN, compared the clinical characteristics of PLC and MBC, and analyzed the efficacy of patients and the related factors affecting the prognosis of breast cancer patients with SPN, in order to provide clinical basis for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients with SPN.
Data and Methods
General Information
The clinical data of 106 patients of SPN combined with breast cancer diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2020 were analyzed. All patients chose the treatment plan according to their specific condition, and they met the patient inclusion criteria.
Inclusion Criteria
SPN was found during postoperative follow-up of breast cancer, and confirmed as PLC or MBC; By biopsy or post-operative pathological examination; Breast cancer was the first primary cancer; Clinical data of diagnostic immunohistochemistry; and postoperative treatment of breast cancer were complete.
Exclusion Criteria
Benign pulmonary nodules diagnosed by pathological examination; Patients with history of metastases of other malignant tumors or other sites; Follow-up universal periodic review failed; and follow-up data was lost.
All the patients were female, and 65 patients with PLC and 41 patients with MBC were diagnosed pathologically from SPN. Among the 65 PLC patients, there were 29 patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma, 22 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 11 patients with small cell lung cancer, and 3 patients with large cell lung cancer.
Research Methods
The characteristics of primary breast cancer lesions in our patient were recorded, including pathological type, histological grade, lymph node status, expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and vascular tumor thrombi. HER-2 was determined to be negative based on 0 or + by immunohistochemistry and positive based on +++ by fluorescence in situ hybridization. ER or PR positivity is defined as the proportion of cells positive for immunohistochemical staining reaching more than 1%. The triple negativity was negative for ER, PR, and HER-2. Record the interval between the initial diagnosis of breast cancer and the appearance of SPN, the previous treatment history of the patient, and the characteristics and surgical method of SPN. Patients were followed up to June 2021, and their post-treatment survival (from surgery to time of death or follow-up deadline) was recorded.
Statistical Methods
SPSS22.0 software was used for processing. The measurement data of experimental data were expressed as mean standard deviation ( s), and the enumeration data were expressed as (%). t-test was used for pairwise comparison of measurement data between groups, and χ2 test was used for enumeration data. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve. Multivariate Logisitic regression model was used to analyze the related factors affecting the postoperative efficacy of patients with breast cancer combined with SPN. The test level was α = 0.05, and P < 0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant.
Results
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between Patients With PLC and MBC Disease
The differences in age at onset, interval, maximum nodule diameter, lymph node status, ER expression, triple negative, and radiotherapy history between PLC patients and MBC patients were statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the differences were not statistically significant in pathological type, histological grade, PR expression, HER-2 expression, chemotherapy history, and endocrine treatment history (P > 0.05) as shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics between patients with PLC and MBC disease (n, s).
| Clinical pathological features | PLC (n = 65) | MBC (n = 41) | t/χ2 value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onset age (years) | 55.42 ± 11.08 | 43.72 ± 9.85 | 5.523 | 0.027 |
| Interval (years) | 5.47 ± 1.53 | 2.86 ± 1.07 | 6.542 | 0.008 |
| Maximum diameter of nodule (mm) | 22.39 ± 8.94 patients with | 16.24 ± 10.53 | 3.218 | 0.042 |
| Pathological type of breast cancer | 0.239 | 0.624 | ||
| Invasive ductal carcinoma | 48 (73.85%) | 32 (78.05%) | ||
| Invasive lobular carcinoma | 17 (26.15%) | 9 (21.95%) | ||
| Histological grading | 0.025 | 0.985 | ||
| Level 1 | 12 (18.46%) | 8 (19.51%) | ||
| Level 2 | 31 (47.69%) | 19 (46.34%) | ||
| Level 3 | 22 (33.85%) | 14 (34.15%) | ||
| Lymph node status | 6.154 | 0.013 | ||
| Positive | 30 (46.15%) | 29 (70.73%) | ||
| Negative | 35 (53.85%) | 12 (29.27%) | ||
| ER expression | 4.391 | 0.036 | ||
| Positive | 42 (64.62%) | 18 (43.90%) | ||
| Negative | 23 (35.38%) | 23 (56.10%) | ||
| PR expression | 0.331 | 0.566 | ||
| Positive | 37 (56.92%) | 21 (51.22%) | ||
| Negative | 28 (43.08%) | 20 (48.78%) | ||
| HER-2 expression | 0.095 | 0.758 | ||
| Positive | 25 (38.46%) | 17 (41.46%) | ||
| Negative | 40 (61.54%) | 24 (58.54%) | ||
| Triple negative | 4.352 | 0.037 | ||
| Yes | 12 (18.46%) | 15 (36.59%) | ||
| No | 53 (81.54%) | 26 (63.41%) | ||
| History of radiotherapy | 5.221 | 0.029 | ||
| Yes | 37 (56.92%) | 16 (39.02%) | ||
| No | 28 (43.08%) | 25 (60.98%) | ||
| Chemotherapy history | 0.351 | 0.554 | ||
| Yes | 58 (89.23%) | 38 (92.68%) | ||
| No | 7 (10.77%) | 3 (7.32%) | ||
| History of endocrine therapy | 2.107 | 0.146 | ||
| Yes | 44 (67.69%) | 22 (53.66%) | ||
| No | 21 (32.31%) | 19 (46.34%) |
Treatment of Patients With PLC and MBC Disease
Among 65 patients with primary liver cancer, 23 patients underwent radical lobectomy plus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy, 39 patients underwent wedge resection plus chemotherapy, and 3 patients underwent radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. Among 41 patients with MBC, 13 patients received wedge resection plus endocrine therapy, 21 patients received chemotherapy plus radiotherapy plus endocrine therapy, and seven patients received radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Prognosis of Patients With PLC and MBC Disease
The median survival time of patients with PLC was 51 months, and the overall survival rates of 1, 3, and 5 years were 90.77, 72.31, and 30.77%, respectively. The median survival time of patients with MBC was 37 months, and the overall survival rates of 1, 3, and 5 years were 82.93, 41.46, and 19.51%, respectively. The median survival time of PLC patients is longer than that of MBC patients, and the Log-rank test is P = 0.034, the difference is statistically significant. The 1, 3, and 5 years overall survival rates of patients with PLC were higher than those of patients with MBC, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) as shown in Table 2, Figure 1.
Table 2.
Comparison of overall survival rates between patients with PLC and MBC disease (n, %).
| Group | Overall survival rate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | |
| PLC (n = 65) | 59 (90.77%) | 47 (72.31%) | 20 (30.77%) |
| MBC (n = 41) | 34 (82.93%) | 17 (41.46%) | 8 (19.51%) |
| χ2-value | 3.437 | 5.998 | 5.512 |
| P-value | 0.041 | 0.012 | 0.016 |
Figure 1.
Patient survival curves of PLC and MBC.
Univariate Analysis of Prognosis of Patients With Breast Cancer Combined With SPN
Univariate analysis showed that the prognosis of breast cancer patients with SPN was related to the interval time, the presence or absence of vascular tumor thrombus, the maximum diameter of nodules, the type of SPN and chemotherapy (P < 0.05) as shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Univariate analysis of prognosis of patients with breast cancer combined with SPN (n, %).
| Clinical pathological features | Survival (n = 28) | Death (n = 78) | χ2-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onset age (years) | 0.394 | 0.531 | ||
| ≥50 | 17 (60.71%) | 42 (53.85%) | ||
| <50 | 11 (39.29%) | 36 (46.15%) | ||
| Interval time (years) | 10.118 | 0.001 | ||
| ≥3 | 22 (78.57%) | 34 (43.59%) | ||
| <3 | 6 (21.43%) | 44 (56.41%) | ||
| Vascular cancer thrombi | 13.562 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 7 (25.00%) | 51 (65.38%) | ||
| No | 21 (75.00%) | 27 (34.62%) | ||
| Pathological type | 1.192 | 0.275 | ||
| Invasive ductal carcinoma | 19 (67.86%) | 61 (78.21%) | ||
| Invasive lobular carcinoma | 9 (32.14%) | 17 (21.79%) | ||
| Histological grading | 1.088 | 0.581 | ||
| Level 1 | 7 (25.00%) | 13 (16.67%) | ||
| Level 2 | 13 (46.43%) | 37 (47.44%) | ||
| Level 3 | 8 (28.57%) | 28 (35.89%) | ||
| Lymph node status | 0.034 | 0.853 | ||
| Positive | 16 (57.14%) | 43 (55.13%) | ||
| Negative | 12 (42.86%) | 35 (44.87%) | ||
| Maximum diameter of nodule (mm) | 5.782 | 0.016 | ||
| ≥20 | 22 (78.57%) | 41 (52.56%) | ||
| <20 | 6 (21.43%) | 37 (47.44%) | ||
| Type of SPN | 4.639 | 0.024 | ||
| PLC | 20 (71.43%) | 45 (57.69%) | ||
| MBC | 8 (28.57%) | 33 (42.31%) | ||
| Surgical approach | 0.535 | 0.464 | ||
| Lobectomy | 10 (35.71%) | 13 (16.67%) | ||
| Wedge resection/tumor resection | 18 (64.29%) | 34 (43.59%) | ||
| Chemotherapy | 5.319 | 0.021 | ||
| Yes | 28 (100.00%) | 65 (83.33%) | ||
| No | 0 (0.00%) | 13 (16.67%) | ||
| Endocrine therapy | 0.063 | 0.802 | ||
| Yes | 6 (21.43%) | 15 (19.23%) | ||
| No | 22 (78.57%) | 63 (80.77%) |
Analysis of Multiple Factors Affecting the Prognosis of Patients With Breast Cancer Combined With SPN
Multivariate analysis showed that interval, vascular tumor thrombus, the type of SPN, and chemotherapy were all independent factors affecting the prognosis of patients with breast cancer combined with SPN (P < 0.05) as shown in Tables 4, 5.
Table 4.
Assignment for multivariate analysis of factors.
| Factors | Variables | Assignment |
|---|---|---|
| Interval time | X1 | ≥3 years = 0, <3 years = 1 |
| Vascular tumor thrombus | X2 | Yes = 1, No = 0 |
| Maximum diameter of nodules | X3 | ≥20 mm = 0, <20 mm = 1 |
| Type of SPN | X4 | PLC = 0, MBC = 1 |
| Chemotherapy | X5 | Yes = 1, No = 0 |
Table 5.
Multi-factor analysis of prognosis of patients with breast cancer combined with SPN.
| Factor | B | SE | Walds | P | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interval time | 2.381 | 1.053 | 5.113 | 0.031 | 10.816 | 1.373–15.190 |
| Vascular tumor thrombus | 2.195 | 0.956 | 5.272 | 0.024 | 8.980 | 1.379–9.484 |
| Maximum diameter of nodules | 1.086 | 0.734 | 2.189 | 0.298 | 2.962 | 0.702–12.486 |
| Type of SPN | 2.534 | 0.862 | 8.642 | 0.016 | 12.604 | 2.327–18.273 |
| Chemotherapy | 2.254 | 0.864 | 6.806 | 0.018 | 9.526 | 1.752–11.803 |
Discussion
Lung metastasis is a common site of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer. The differentiation of SPN in breast cancer patients has always been a difficult problem (8). Clinically, when looking for SPN in patients with a breast cancer history, the first thing to consider is usually the occurrence of lung metastasis from breast cancer. However, for SPN in the lung, breast cancer combined is mostly combined with PLC, and MBC or benign lung diseases are the second most important place (9). Studies have shown that compared with the normal population, breast cancer patients are more likely to be accompanied by PLC, which may be related to the common genetic factors and hormone genes of the two diseases, and has a certain correlation with the survival time of breast cancer patients (10). With the development and popularization of modern video-assisted thoracoscopy technology, the clinical diagnosis rate of SPN is increasing. Obtaining pathological diagnosis is the gold standard for clinical diagnosis. Therefore, for SPN whose nature cannot be clearly defined, it is feasible to first remove the focus and make a definite diagnosis. According to SPN, the next treatment plan includes anti-inflammation, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy (11, 12). Accurate identification of PLC or MBC in time, and determination of the next treatment plan according to the nature of SPN, is an important basis for rational clinical treatment (13).
In this study, the clinical data of patients with breast cancer complicated with PLC and MBC were retrospectively analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences between PLC patients and MBC patients in onset age, interval, maximum nodule diameter, lymph node status, ER expression, triple negative, and radiotherapy history and so on. Compared with MBC patients, PLC patients have older onset age, longer interval and larger nodule diameter, which may be related to the preference of PLC for elderly patients, as well as the fact that some advanced MBC patients have more tumors are prone to lung metastasis (14, 15). Patients with negative lymph nodes, positive ER expression, less triple-negative, and more radiotherapy history are more likely to be diagnosed with PLC, which may be related to the longer survival time of these patients, and chemotherapy significantly reduces the probability of local recurrence of breast cancer (16, 17). Radiotherapy plays an important role in reducing local recurrence of breast cancer and increasing survival rates. Studies have shown that chemotherapy can lead to an increased incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma complicated with lung cancer. In addition, estrogen is closely related to the occurrence of lung cancer, and many lung cancer cells are also accompanied by over-expression of ER (especially ERβ) (18, 19).
Excision of the lesion can clearly diagnose the nature of SPN, so as to determine the next treatment plan in clinic, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy (20). Among 65 PLC patients, 23 patients underwent radical lobectomy + chemotherapy + radiotherapy, 39 patients underwent wedge resection + chemotherapy, and three patients underwent radiotherapy + chemotherapy. Among 41 MBC patients, 13 underwent wedge resection plus endocrine therapy, 21 underwent chemotherapy plus radiotherapy plus endocrine therapy, and seven underwent radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. The 5-year overall survival rate of patients with PLC was significantly higher than that of MBC patients. For breast cancer patients combined with PLC, surgical resection of lung diseases is an important means of treatment (21). For MBC patients, general palliative treatment is mainly used, and chemotherapy and endocrine therapy can effectively improve the survival rate (22). If the surgical treatment can be tolerated, whether surgical resection of solitary pulmonary metastases is meaningful to improve the quality of life and prolonging the survival time of MBC patients remains to be verified by prospective research results. The survival time of PLC in breast cancer is mainly determined by lung cancer. After radical resection, the clinical prognosis is good and the survival rate is high within 5 years. Once MBC appears, it is divided into the fourth stage. Even after comprehensive treatment, the prognosis is poor and the overall survival rate is significantly lower than that of breast cancer combined with PLC patients (23, 24).
The results of this study show that the curative effect of breast cancer patients with SPN was related to the interval time, the presence or absence of vascular tumor thrombus, the maximum diameter of nodules, the type of SPN, chemotherapy, and other factors. Further multivariate analysis showed that interval time, vascular tumor thrombus, SPN type, and chemotherapy were independent factors that affected the curative effect of breast cancer patients with SPN. The longer the interval between the diagnosis of breast cancer and the discovery of SPN, the PLC nature of SPN in breast cancer patients with SPN show the characteristics of better prognosis and longer survival time (25). The absence of vascular tumor thrombi and the longer survival time of patients undergoing chemotherapy may be related to the fact that the tumor load of patients is low, and chemotherapy is conducive to the removal of micro metastases throughout the body.
To sum up, compared with MBC patients, there are significant differences in the onset age, interval, maximum diameter of nodules, lymph node status, ER expression, triple negative, and radiation history among PLC patients. Septum, vascular tumor thrombus, SPN type and chemotherapy are all independent factors that affect the curative effect of breast cancer patients with SPN. Based on the nature of SPN, it can provide reference for clinicians to decide the treatment plan, improve patients' quality of life and prolong their survival time.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author Contributions
LH and XW were mainly responsible for the design of the study and the writing of the manuscript. XL and YJ were mainly responsible for the collection of case data. WZ and XJ were responsible for the data recording. YZ and WM were responsible for the data statistical analysis. ZT was the instructor of the whole study. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was supported by Key Task Project of Tianjin Health and Family Planning Commission (16KG128), Anticancer Key Technologies R&D Program of Tianjin (12ZCDZSY16200), Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (18JCYBJC91600), amd Scientific research program of Tianjin Education Commission (2020KJ139).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.