Abstract
Background
A new, green and environmentally friendly protocol has been developed for the synthesis of tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridine derivatives. The structures of these products were determined in terms of melting point, FTIR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy.
Results
The tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridine derivatives were synthesized in water through a catalyst-free pseudo-six-component reaction of hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate and aldehyde at room temperature.
Conclusions
This novel procedure has some advantages such as aqueous media, high yield and simple work-up.
Graphical Abstract
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-022-00802-4.
Keywords: Tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridines (THDPP’s), Multicomponent reaction, Environmentally friendly protocol, Catalyst-free reaction
Introduction
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are selective, simple and effective as compared to the conventional multistep synthesis [1–4]. They have been utilized to reduce environmental pollution. Water, as a green solvent, is presumed to speed up some organic reactions through hydrophobic effects [5]. Therefore, catalyst-free organic reactions in water that yield resolvable products are attractive for many organic chemists [6, 7]. THDPPs fuse the heterocyclic moieties of pyrazolopyridine with pharmaceutical activities, which exist in Etazolate, Cartazolate and Tracazolate drugs [8] (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Pyrazolopyridine with pharmaceutical activity
Meanwhile, Due to the existence of two biologically active moieties, namely pyrazole and 1,4-dihydropyridine pyrazole in the structure of THDPPs, these compounds have various pharmaceutical applications such as antiallergic, anti-herpetic and anxiolytic effects [9, 10], anti-Leishmania activities [11] and HIF 1α-prolyl hydroxylase inhibition [12].
A common protocol for the synthesis of THDPP is the reaction of aldehydes, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in a multi-component manner with the presence of a catalyst. Previously, pseudopolymeric magnetic nanoparticles [13], KCC-1-NH2-DPA [14], CuFe2O4@HNTs [15], acetic acid [16], and carbonaceous material (CSO3H) [17], Fe3O4/KCC1/IL/HPWMNPs [24], Nano-CdZr4(PO4)6 [25], Nano-Fe3O4@SiO2–SO3H [23], FeNi3-ILs MNPs [21], Nano-CuCr2O4 [26], Nano-ovalbumin [20], M(II)/Schiff base@MWCNT-Fe3O4/SiO2 [27]. Meanwhile, a catalyst free protocol using ammonium carbonate instead of ammonium acetate has been reported [16], Ammonium carbonate is a basic salt and can catalysis the synthesis of THDPP’s. In here, we have used ammonium acetate as neutral salt for production of ammonia in water and absence of any catalyst.
In this study, THDPPs are synthesized with a green catalyst-free protocol implemented in a water medium at room temperature (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1.
Synthesis of THDPP’s in water
Experimental
Materials and methods
General
A Bruker, Equinox 55 spectrometer was used to record the Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectra. A Bruker (DRX-400 Avance) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument was also used to record the NMR spectra. In addition, a Buchi B-540 B.V.CHI apparatus served to determine the melting points of the compounds. Mass spectrometry spectra were recorded with a Agilent Technology (HP), Model: 5793, Ion source: Electron Impact (EI), 20-EV, 230 °C, and Quadrupole analyzer.
Chemistry
General procedure for the synthesis of THDPP’s
Firstly, a solution of 2.0 mmol of hydrazine hydrate, 2.0 mmol of ethyl acetoacetate and 3 mL of water was stirred in a 25-mL round-bottom flask at room temperature. Secondly, 1.0 mmol of aldehyde and 4.0 mmol of ammonium acetate were added to it and stirred at room temperature. The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC; n-hexane:EtOAc, 70:30). After the completion of the reaction, the solution was diluted with cold water, and the product was appeared as water insoluble solid which isolated by simple filtration.
Results and discussion
Although, catalytic synthesis of THDPPs protocols have many advantages such as high yields of products and short reaction time. But the hard work-up and expensive catalysts are some of drawbacks of them. Therefore, we have decided to design a catalyst-free protocol for synthesis of THDPPs.
In order to optimize the reaction conditions for the preparation of THDPPs in the absence of a catalyst, some reactions were performed between ethylacetoacetate, ammonium acetate, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and hydrazine hydrate in the presence of different solvents (Table 1). As the results indicated, tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridines could be synthesized in good-to-high yields and short reaction times.
Table 1.
Optimization of the reaction conditions for the synthesis of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-b:4′,3′-e]pyridine
| Entry | Solvent | Conditionsa | Time (min) | Yield (%)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | EtOH | r.t | 180 | – |
| 2 | EtOH | Reflux | 120 | 23 |
| 3 | H2O | Reflux | 60 | 53 |
| 4 | H2O | r.t | 45 | 98 [This work] |
aThe molar ratio of hydrazine hydrate (2 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (2 mmol),4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1 mmol) and ammonium acetate (4 mmol) is equal to 2:2:1:4
bIsolated yields
Hydrazine and ammonium acetate are soluble in water, ethyl acetoacetate is partially soluble and aldehyde is insoluble in water. In the first step, hydrazine hydrate and ethyl acetoacetate react in water to produce a insoluble intermediate which react with aldehyde in water cage.
Regarding the conditions for the synthesis of THDPPs, the optimization process was implemented with different aldehydes, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate (Table 2).
Table 2.
Synthesis of THDPP’s (5a–m) in water in room temperature
| Entry | R | Product | Time (min) |
Yield (%)b |
M.P (°C) |
Lit. M.P. (C) [Reference] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4-Cl | 5a | 45 | 98 | 244–246 | 254–256 [19] |
| 2 | 4-NO2 | 5b | 60 | 96 | 274–276 | 278–283 [19] |
| 3 | 3-NO2 | 5c | 50 | 98 | 268–270 | 282–284 [20] |
| 4 | 4-OH | 5d | 80 | 96 | 266–268 | 267–268 [21] |
| 5 | 4-Br | 5e | 75 | 96 | 222–224 | 221–224 [19] |
| 6 | 2-Cl | 5f | 105 | 94 | 162–164 | 164–165 [22] |
| 7 | 4-N(CH3)2 | 5g | 90 | 85 | 238–239 | 240–242 [19] |
| 8 | 4-Me | 5h | 180 | 95 | 240–242 | 241–243 [20] |
| 9 | 4-F | 5i | 75 | 97 | 255–257 | 258–260 [18] |
| 10 | 4-OCH3 | 5j | 90 | 98 | 187–189 | 188–190 [20] |
| 11 | 3-OMe-4-OH | 5k | 90 | 98 | 256–258 | 256–258 [20] |
| 12 | 3,4-(OH)2 | 5l | 90 | 83 | 208–210 | 208–210 [20] |
| 13 | 4-CHO | 5 m | 120 | 91 | > 300° | > 300° [23] |
Reaction conditions: hydrazine hydrate (2 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (2 mmol), 4-chloro benzaldehyde (1 mmol) and ammonium acetate (4 mmol), water (3 mL) at room temperature
Meanwhile, we have synthesis THDPP using citral as aliphatic aldehyde (Scheme 2).
Scheme 2.
Synthesis of 4-(Z)-2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-dien-1-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-b:4′,3′-e]pyridine
A mechanism proposed for the catalyst-free synthesis of THDPPs is shown in Scheme 3. Ammonium acetate was used as a source of nitrogen for the formation of 1,4-dihydropyridine ring in the THDPPs. Hydrazine is soluble and ethylacetoacetate is partially soluble (2.86 g/100 mL) in water. Initially, the reaction was begun with the versatile condensation of ethyl acetoacetate with hydrazine and then the elimination of ethanol to form pyrazolone A (B, tautomer of A) as a water insoluble solid. The A (B) and aldehyde are hydrophobia materials and react in a water cage to form the intermediate C through the Knoevenagel condensation. Then, the second molecule of B was condensed with C via Michael reaction to produce bipyrazolone D. Ammonia, which was produced from ammonium acetate, condensed with D to form imine E which produced product F through intramolecular cyclization, tautomerization and water removal.
Scheme 3.
A proposed mechanism for synthesis of THDPP’s
In order to show the superiority of the THDPPs synthesis process in the absence of catalysts, this process was compared to some others in terms of conditions, reaction time and yield. The results are listed in Table 3.
Table 3.
The comparison of catalyst-free protocol with other methods for synthesis of 5a
| Entry | Catalyst | Conditions | Time (min)/yielda (%) [Reference] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fe3O4/KCC1/IL/HPWMNPs (0.0001 mg) | H2O/r.t | 30/96 [24] |
| 2 | Nano-CdZr4(PO4)6 (0.6 mol%) | EtOH/reflux | 43/88 [25] |
| 3 | Nano-Fe3O4@SiO2-SO3H (0.004 g) | EtOH/MW | 20/90 [23] |
| 4 | FeNi3-ILs MNPs (0.002 g) | EtOH/reflux | 48/86 [21] |
| 5 | Nano-CuCr2O4 (4 mol%) | EtOH/25 °C | 50/90 [26] |
| 6 | Nano-ovalbumin (0.05 g) | H2O/55 °C | 45/93 [20] |
| 7 | M (II)/Schiff base@MWCNT-Fe3O4/SiO2 (0.02 g) | –/r.t | 90/85 [27] |
| 8 | Pseudopolymeric magnetic nanoparticles (10 mg) | EtOH/r.t | 10–180/45–92 [13] |
| 9 | KCC-1-NH2-DPA (0.1 g) | EtOH, reflux | 30/95 [14] |
| 10 | CuFe2O4@HNTs (5 mg) | EtOH, r.t | 20/90–96 [15] |
| 11 | acetic acid | AcOH/reflux | 300/90 [16] |
| 12 | carbonaceous material (CSO3H) (10 mg) | H2O/60 °C | 360/86 [17] |
| 13 | Catalyst-free | H2O/r.t | 45/98 [This work] |
aIsolated yields
Conclusions
In this study, an environmentally friendly protocol is introduced for the synthesis of THDPPs in a neutral aqueous medium without using any catalyst or organic solvent. In this green versatile protocol hydrophobia intermediate and aldehyde had been reacted under high pressure condition in water cage. In solubility of products in water caused having a simple work-up and purification of them. The attractive advantages of the protocol are excellent yields, mild reaction conditions, less pollution, short time reaction, simple workup and high-purity products.
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1: Spectroscopic data for the synthesized tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-b:4′,3′-e] pyridine derivatives.
Acknowledgements
The Research Council of Yazd University gratefully acknowledged for the financial support for this work.
Abbreviations
- THDPP’s
Tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridines
- MCRs
Multi-component reactions
- FT-IR
Fourier transform infrared
- NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- TLC
Thin layer chromatography
Authors' contributions
M.K. wrote the main manuscript and prepared figures. B.F.M edited the manuscript and submit it as corresponding author. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This study was financially supported by Yazd University. The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Additional file 1: Spectroscopic data for the synthesized tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4-b:4′,3′-e] pyridine derivatives.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.