Abstract
Objective:
In this study, we aimed to emphasize the role of radiological imaging in determining the treatment of a patient, who tested positive for COVID-19 and diagnosed with acute appendicitis during the pandemic.
Methods:
A 31-year-old patient presented to the emergency department due to abdominal pain. Ultrasound examination, thoracic and pelvic CT scan were performed.
Results:
Non-complicated appendicitis can be treated conservatively with antibiotics. Treatment can be maintained by starting with IV antibiotics and bridging therapy with oral antibiotics.
Conclusion:
This studysummarize how radiological follow-up can be used to decide on the suitability of the patient for appropriate medical treatment as an alternative to surgery in a patient, whose gold standard treatment is emergency surgical intervention, which is frequently encountered in the emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare workers need to be protected to ensure the continuity of the health system. On the other hand, patients requiring emergency healthcare should also be provided with appropriate treatment. Healthcare professionals should choose the most appropriate treatment method, protecting themselves and their patients as much as possible.
Introduction
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a novel contagious disease, which causes severe respiratory failure syndrome. It was first seen in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 upon spreading to the entire world.1–3
The entire world is fighting against this disease. Every day, healthcare professionals publish guidelines and recommendations stating the methods and rules of protection. In the light of these rules and recommendations, the procedures in hospitals are tried to be performed under elective conditions as much as possible and certain procedures are postponed depending on the risks. Despite all these, there may be some inevitable conditions that require emergency intervention.4,5
In this study, we aimed to emphasize the role of radiological imaging in determining the roadmap for the treatment of a patient, who tested positive for COVID-19 and diagnosed with acute appendicitis, one of the most common causes of emergency surgical intervention and one of the acute abdominal disorders of general surgery, during the pandemic.
Case
A 31-year-old patient presented to the emergency department due to abdominal pain. The laboratory tests show high white blood cell count and CRP. There were symptoms of peritoneal irritation in the physical examination notes of the general surgeon.
According to ultrasound (US) examination of the patient who presented to the radiology outpatient clinic, the diameter of the appendix measured as 9 mm. The wall was thick and edematous. There were decreased response to US transducer compression. Adjacent mesenteric fatty tissues were heterogeneous. Findings were consistent with acute appendicitis.
In the preoperative evaluation, COVID-19 test was requested from the patient in line with the recommendations and guidelines, and the result of the test was positive. There were no radiological findings compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia in the thoracic CT of the patient, who did not describe any complaints about the respiratory tract.
Accordingly, pelvic CT with IV contrast was performed to the patient in order to differentiate complicated appendicitis from non-complicated appendicitis. The pelvic CT scan showed findings consistent with appendicitis. No appendicolith was detected. Limited mild mesenteric fatty tissue heterogeneity was detected in CT, involving only the appendix region, and not extending to the retroperitoneum or pelvic region. No free air and free fluid were detected. The diameter of the appendix was measured larger compared to the US examination (Figure 1). It was believed that this was due to the partial compression of the appendix resulting from the pressure applied to the abdomen during US examination, and it was noted as a positive finding.
Figure 1.
Axial image (a) and MPR image (b) of enhanced pelvic CT performed after ultrasound. White arrow showed thickened enhanced wall of appendix with increased diameter. No appendicolith detected. Limited mild mesenteric fatty tissue heterogeneity detected in CT, involving only the appendix region, and not extending to the retro peritoneum or pelvic region. No free air and free fluid detected.
By consulting with the department of infectious diseases, it was decided that the patient, who was radiologically evaluated as non-complicated appendicitis (Tables 1 and 2), would be quarantined by general surgery until the contagiousness of COVID pneumonia was eliminated, appropriate supportive treatment for Covid-19 would be planned, and conservative non-surgical treatment for appendicitis would be initiated.
Table 1.
CT Features of Complicated and Non-complicated Appendicitis6
| CT Findings | Non-complicated Appendicitis | Complicated Appendicitis |
|---|---|---|
| Thickened enhanced wall | + | + |
| Increased diameter | + | + |
| Periappendiceal stranding | + | + |
| Appendicolith | + | + |
| Fluid collection | + | |
| Existence of pus, periappendiceal abscess | + | |
| Necrosis, gangrene | + | |
| Presence of a defect in wall (Perforation) | + | |
| Presence of extraluminal air (Perforation) | + |
CT, Computed tomography.
Table 2.
Radiological findings and recommendations in symptomatic patients7
| Radiological Decision | CT Findings | Recommendations |
|---|---|---|
| Not appendicitis | <6 mm appendix,>6 mm appendix with a lumen filled with air | Consider other differential diagnoses |
| Suspected-Uncertain | 6–10 mm appendix with no other findings on CT | If it is symptomatic, follow-up is recommended. |
| Possible appendicitis | 6–10 mm appendix +WT + WHE (no FS) | If it is symptomatic, surgery is recommended |
| Findings consistent with appendicitis | >10 mm apendiks, 6–10 mm apendiks + WT+ WHE+FS | If it is symptomatic, surgery is recommended |
FS, Fat stranding; WHE, Wall hyperenhancement; WT, Wall thickening (≥3 mm).
Supportive treatment for Covid-19 ordered by consultant of infectious disease as follows:
Favipiravir 1600 mg PO x 2 then 600 mg PO × 2.
Paracetamol 500 mg IV × 4.
Enoxaparin sodium 4000U IV × 1.
Pantoprazole sodium 40 mg IV × 1.
Conservative non-surgical treatment for appendicitis ordered by general surgeon as follows:
Oral stop and IV hydration
Imipenem&cilastatin 500 mg IV × 4.
Metranidazole 500 mg IV × 3.
The patient operated electively after the end of COVID quarantine.
During the follow-up, white blood cell and CRP of the patient decreased. Symptoms and signs regressed. On control CT, it was observed that the diameter of the appendix decreased; however, the wall thickness and inflammation continued. There was regression in mesenteric fatty tissue heterogeneity in the periappendicular region. No free air and free fluid were detected (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Follow-up axial image (a) and MPR image (b) of enhanced pelvic CT. White arrow showed appendix. The diameter of the appendix decreased; however, the wall thickness and inflammation continued. There was regression in mesenteric fatty tissue heterogeneity in the periappendicular region. No free air and free fluid detected.
Conclusion
Non-complicated appendicitis can be treated conservatively with antibiotics. Treatment can be maintained by starting with IV antibiotics and bridging therapy with oral antibiotics.8,9
In selected cases, the rate of relapses in non-surgical treatments are approximately 12–14%. When the findings of appendicitis spread beyond the right lower quadrant and in the presence of appendicolith, the success of medical treatment is low (failure rate is approximately 30–50%).4,10
In appendicitis that is complicated after conservative treatment, percutaneous drainage and catheter placement may be required for abscess formed in the appendix lodge due to interventional radiology.7 There is no consensus on an optimal treatment method, preventing operation as a treatment option in complicated cases depending on the decision of the surgeon.9
Healthcare workers need to be protected to ensure the continuity of the health system. On the other hand, patients requiring emergency healthcare should also be provided with appropriate treatment. Healthcare professionals should choose the most appropriate treatment method, protecting themselves and their patients as much as possible. This study aims to summarize how radiological follow-up can be used to decide on the suitability of the patient for appropriate medical treatment as an alternative to surgery in a patient, whose gold standard treatment is emergency surgical intervention, which is frequently encountered in the emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Learning points
Radiological imaging can determine the treatment of an acute appendicitis patient in deciding on surgical or conservative treatment.
Non-complicated appendicitis can be treated conservatively with antibiotics.
Treatment can be maintained by starting with IV antibiotics and bridging therapy with oral antibiotics.
Footnotes
Informed consent: Approval was obtained from patients with imaging figures during the preparation of the manuscript by telephone.
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