. 2021 Nov 19;25(1):73–89. doi: 10.5397/cise.2021.00353

Table 1.

Characteristics of the trials included in the review

Study	Patient	Average age (yr)	M:F	Pathology	Average duration of symptoms	Intervention/control	Methodology	Outcome measure	Site of injection	Injection/interval	Injection technique	Injection volume (mL)	Cointervention	Adverse effect
Barreto et al. (2019) [14]	PRP, 26;	53.3	36:66	Rotator cuff impingement	NR	PRP	6 Months, single centre, randomized, controlled, parallel group, double-blind clinical trial	UCLA, CMS, DASH (function)	Sub-acromial bursa	1/NA	Landmark guided	3	No mention	No complication (only injection-related pain)
Barreto et al. (2019) [14]	corticosteroid, 25	53.3	36:66	Rotator cuff impingement	NR	Corticosteroid		UCLA, CMS, DASH (function)	Sub-acromial bursa	1/NA	Landmark guided	3	No mention	No complication (only injection-related pain)
Cai et al. (2019) [15]	PRP, 50;	40.6	99:85	Partial-thickness tears (<1 cm)	13.76 wk	PRP	12 Months, multi-centres, randomized, controlled, double blind, clinical trial	Constant score, ASES (function), VAS (pain)	Sub-acromial bursa	4/1 wk	USG-guided	4	No mention	Intolerance to PRP (n=2)
	normal saline, 50;	39.9				NS
	SH, 50;	38.9				SH
	SH+PRP, 50	39.6				SH+PRP
Ilhanli et al. (2015) [16]	PRP, 30;	59.2	45:17	Partial thickness tear	7.24 mo (mean duration)	PRP	12 Months, single centre, randomized, controlled, parallel group, single blind, clinical trial	VAS (pain), ROM, DASH (function), Beck depression inventory	Intra-articular	3/1 wk	NR	6	Home exercise program without PT	No complications
Ilhanli et al. (2015) [16]	PT, 32	59.7	45:17	Partial thickness tear		PT		VAS (pain), ROM, DASH (function), Beck depression inventory	Intra-articular	3/1 wk	NR	6	Home exercise program without PT	No complications
Kesikburun et al. (2013) [17]	PRP, 20;	45.5 51.4	13:27	Partial thickness tear or tendinosis	>3 mo (IC)	PRP	12 Months, single centre, Randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, clinical trial	WORC (QOL), SPADI (function), VAS (pain), passive ROM	Sub-acromial Space	1/NA	USG-guided	5	Exercise program (supervised by PT), then home program	No complications (only injection-related pain)
Kesikburun et al. (2013) [17]	placebo, 20	45.5 51.4	13:27	Partial thickness tear or tendinosis	>3 mo (IC)	Placebo (NS) injection		WORC (QOL), SPADI (function), VAS (pain), passive ROM	Sub-acromial Space	1/NA	USG-guided	5	Exercise program (supervised by PT), then home program	No complications (only injection-related pain)
Kothari (2017) [18]	PRP, 62;	51.9 52.7	86:94	Adhesive capsulitis	4.67 mo (mean duration)	PRP	12 Weeks, single centre, randomized, controlled, parallel group, clinical trial	ROM, VAS (pain), QuickDASH (function)	Intra-articular injection	1/NA	Landmark guided	2	Home exercises	No complications
	corticosteroid, 60;	51.2				CorticosteroidUST (programmed-PT)
	UST (PT), 58
Nejati et al. (2017) [19]	PRP, 22;	52.5 53.9	15:27	Sub-acromial impingement syndrome	>3 mo (IC)	PRP	6 Months, single centre, randomized controlled, parallel group, single blind, clinical trial	VAS (pain), ROM, strength, DASH (function), WORC (QOL)	Into the tear and sub-acromial bursa	1/NA	USG-guided	4 Total	No exercise program	No mention
Nejati et al. (2017) [19]	exercise, 20	52.5 53.9	15:27	Sub-acromial impingement syndrome	>3 mo (IC)	Exercise		VAS (pain), ROM, strength, DASH (function), WORC (QOL)	Into the tear and sub-acromial bursa	1/NA	USG-guided	4 Total	No exercise program	No mention
Pasin et al. (2019) [20]	PRP, 30;	49.4 47.7	37:53	Sub-acromial Impingement syndrome	>3 mo (IC)	PRP	8 Weeks, single centre, randomized controlled, parallel group, single blind, clinical Trial	VAS (pain), SDQ (function), Quick DASH (function), UCLA SRS), SF-36 (QoL)	Sub-acromial bursa injection	1/NA	NR	4	Exercise program (supervised by PT)	No mention
Pasin et al. (2019) [20]	corticosteroid, 30; PT, 30	49.9	37:53	Sub-acromial Impingement syndrome	>3 mo (IC)	CorticosteroidPT			Sub-acromial bursa injection	1/NA	NR	4	Exercise program (supervised by PT)	No mention
Rha et al. (2013) [21]	PRP, 20;	52.2	17:22	Partial thickness tear (<1 cm) or tendinosis	9.4 mo (mean duration)	PRP	6 Months, single centre, randomized controlled, double blind, clinical trial	SPADI (function), passive ROM of shoulder, physician global rating scale	Into tear	2/4 wk	USG-guided	3	Self-exercise rehabilitation program	No complications
Rha et al. (2013) [21]	dry-needling, 19	53.9	17:22	Partial thickness tear (<1 cm) or tendinosis	9.4 mo (mean duration)	Dry-needle			Into tear	2/4 wk	USG-guided	3	Self-exercise rehabilitation program	No complications
Sari and Eroglu (2020) [22]	PRP, 30;	52.1	43:77	Rotator cuff lesions	4.87 mo (mean duration)	PRP Prolotherapy Corticosteroid Lidocaine	24 Weeks, single centre, randomized controlled, parallel group, triple blind, clinical trial	VAS (pain), ASES (function), WORC (QOL)	Sub-acromial bursa	1/NA	USG-guided	5	Home exercises	No mention
	corticosteroid, 30;
	prolotherapy, 30;
	lidocaine (placebo), 30
Schwitzguebel et al. (2019) [23]	PRP, 41;	48.2	43:35	Interstitial supraspinatus tear	≥6 mo (IC)	PRP	12 Months, single centre, randomized controlled, clinical trial	Lesion-volume, VAS (pain), SANE, CMS, ASES (function)	Into tear	2/1 mo	USG-guided	2	Daily activities and light sports allowed (no PT)	At 19.5 months, PRP group reported (pain >48 hr/frozen shoulder/extension of lesion) 54% compared to 26% in saline group
Schwitzguebel et al. (2019) [23]	saline, 39	47.6	43:35	Interstitial supraspinatus tear	≥6 mo (IC)	Saline injection		Lesion-volume, VAS (pain), SANE, CMS, ASES (function)	Into tear	2/1 mo	USG-guided	2	Daily activities and light sports allowed (no PT)
Shams et al. (2016) [24]	PRP, 20;	52	21:19	Partial-thickness tear	>3 mo (IC)	PRP	6 Months, multi-centre, randomized controlled, clinical trial	ASES (function), CMS, Simple Shoulder Test, VAS (pain)	Sub-acromial injection	1/NA	Landmark-guided	2–2.5	Home exercises without PT	No mention
Shams et al. (2016) [24]	corticosteroid, 20	50	21:19	Partial-thickness tear	>3 mo (IC)	Corticosteroid		ASES (function), CMS, Simple Shoulder Test, VAS (pain)	Sub-acromial injection	1/NA	Landmark-guided	2–2.5	Home exercises without PT	No mention
Wongworawat (2013) [25]	PRP, 7	59.3	8:4	Rotator cuff lesions	>4 wk (IC)	PRP	12 Weeks, single centre, randomized controlled, clinical trial	ASES	Sub-acromial space	1/NA	Landmark-guided	5	Not reported	No complications
Wongworawat (2013) [25]	corticosteroid, 5	59.2	8:4	Rotator cuff lesions	>4 wk (IC)	Corticosteroid		ASES	Sub-acromial space	1/NA	Landmark-guided	5	Not reported	No complications
Ibrahim et al. (2019) [26]	PRP, 15;	46.8	13:17	Rotator Cuff tendinopathy	1.62 mo (mean duration)	PRP	8 Weeks, single centre, randomized controlled, clinical trial	SDQ	Sub-acromial space	1/NA	USG-guided	2	Home exercises	No complications
Ibrahim et al. (2019) [26]	corticosteroid, 15	41.5	13:17	Rotator Cuff tendinopathy	1.62 mo (mean duration)	Corticosteroid		SDQ	Sub-acromial space	1/NA	USG-guided	2	Home exercises	No complications
Šmíd et al. (2018) [27]	PRP, 25;	48.7	31:19	shoulder impingement syndrome	>4 wk	PRP	6 Months, single centre, randomized controlled, parallel group, clinical trial	ASES (function), VAS (pain intensity score)	Sub-acromial space	3/1 wk	USG-guided	3	Home exercises	No complications
Šmíd et al. (2018) [27]	corticosteroid, 25	50.1	31:19	shoulder impingement syndrome	>4 wk	Corticosteroid		ASES (function), VAS (pain intensity score)	Sub-acromial space	3/1 wk	USG-guided	3	Home exercises	No complications
Upadhyay et al. (2020) [28]	PRP, 60;	47.6 46.4	50:70	Adhesive capsulitis	>1 mo (IC)	PRP Corticosteroid	6 Months, single centre, randomized controlled, single blind, parallel group, clinical trial	SPADI (function)	Intra-articular injection	1/NA	Fluoroscope-guided	2	Home exercises	No complications (only injection related pain)
Upadhyay et al. (2020) [28]	Corticosteroid, 60	47.6 46.4	50:70	Adhesive capsulitis	>1 mo (IC)	PRP Corticosteroid		SPADI (function)	Intra-articular injection	1/NA	Fluoroscope-guided	2	Home exercises	No complications (only injection related pain)
Wesner et al. (2016) [11]	PRP, 7;	49.4	6:3	Degenerative Tendinopathies	62.2 mo (mean duration)	PRP	6 Months, single centre, randomized, controlled, clinical trial	VAS (pain), DASH, WORC (QoL)	Into degenerative area of tendon/tear	1/NA	USG-guided	4	Home exercises	No mention
Wesner et al. (2016) [11]	Placebo, 2	49.5	6:3	Degenerative Tendinopathies	62.2 mo (mean duration)	Saline		VAS (pain), DASH, WORC (QoL)	Into degenerative area of tendon/tear	1/NA	USG-guided	4	Home exercises	No mention
Jeyaraman et al. (2018) [29]	PRP, 46;	51.8 57.5	61:30	Adhesive capsulitis	>1 mo (IC)	PRP	12 Months, single centre, randomized controlled, parallel group, clinical trial	VAS (pain), DASH (function)	Intra-articular injection	1/NA	Fluoroscope-guided	3 mL PRP	Home exercises	At 1 month: with PRP, 17 reported pain and 7 swelling; with hydro-dissection, 23 reported pains
Jeyaraman et al. (2018) [29]	hydro-dissection, 45	51.8 57.5	61:30	Adhesive capsulitis	>1 mo (IC)	Hydro-dissection		VAS (pain), DASH (function)	Intra-articular injection	1/NA	Fluoroscope-guided	3 mL PRP	Home exercises

PRP: platelet-rich plasma, NR: not reported, UCLA: University of California Los Angeles, CMS: Constant-Murley score, DASH: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, NA: not available, SH: sodium hyaluronate, NS: normal saline, ASES: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, VAS: visual analog scale, USG: ultrasonography, PT: physical therapy, ROM: range of motion, IC: inclusion criteria, WORC: Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, QoL: quality of life, SPADI: Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, UST: ultrasonic therapy, QuickDASH: Shortened DASH, SDQ: shoulder disability questionnaire, SRS: shoulder rating scale, SF-36: 36-item short form survey, SANE: Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation.