Propofol postconditioning alleviates diabetic myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the miR-200c-3p/AdipoR2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Abstract

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/RI) syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability. Propofol postconditioning is known to improve myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of propofol postconditioning in diabetic MI/RI. Diabetic MI/RI rat models were established and the rats were treated via propofol postconditioning. Staining with 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride, H&E staining, TUNEL staining and ELISA were applied to detect infarct size, pathological changes, apoptosis and oxidative stress-related factor and apoptotic factor levels, respectively. Subsequently, the effect of propofol on H9C2 cells was also assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. High-glucose hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) models of H9C2 cardiomyocytes were established. miR-200c-3p overexpression or AdipoR2 silencing combined with propofol postconditioning was performed in H/R-induced H9C2 cells and STAT3 protein expression levels were determined. Propofol postconditioning significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic MI/RI models. Furthermore, propofol postconditioning significantly reduced the oxidative stress and apoptosis of H9C2 cells in high-glucose H/R models. Propofol postconditioning also significantly downregulated miR-200c-3p expression levels and promoted AdipoR2 expression levels. miR-200c-3p overexpression or AdipoR2 downregulation significantly reversed the effects of propofol postconditioning on its antioxidation and anti-apoptotic effects in H9C2 cells and on decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation levels. Together, the results of the present study demonstrated that propofol postconditioning inhibited miR-200c-3p, upregulated AdipoR2 and activated the STAT3 signaling pathway, thus alleviating diabetic MI/RI and therefore highlighting its potential as a treatment of diabetic MI/RI.

Introduction

Diabetes, a widespread metabolic disorder, primarily manifests as chronic hyperglycemia and is caused by insulin dysfunction or impaired insulin secretion, or a combination of both (1). Patients with diabetes are further predisposed to a greater risk of acquiring ischemic heart disease and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) (2). In lieu of the increasing incidence rate of diabetes complicated with myocardial ischemia, it is important to explore new avenues to relieve MI/RI in diabetic patients (3,4). Currently, myocardial ischemia caused by the blockage of heart blood vessels is treated via reperfusion, restoring blood flow, however, the process of reperfusion is known to lead to ischemic myocardial injury (2). MI/RI contributes to the morbidity and mortality of a large range of pathologies, including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney damage and trauma (5). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cellular mechanisms between diabetic MI/RI and cardioprotective mechanisms.

Propofol, a widely-used intravenous anesthetic, is known to interact with numerous pathophysiological processes in different types of cancer (6). Furthermore, propofol can reduce myocardial cell apoptosis and thus exhibits a cardio-protective effect (7). Similarly, propofol is effective in alleviating hemodynamic instability in diabetic patients treated with glibenclamide (8). As a result of its anti-oxidant properties, propofol protects against MI/RI (9). It has also been shown that propofol may protect against MI/RI by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis (10). Nevertheless, the role of propofol in diabetic MI/RI remains unclear.

Propofol has previously been reported to protect against hepatic I/R via upregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) (11). Inherently, miRNAs are small endogenous RNAs, which possess the ability to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and are regarded as crucial promising biomarkers for disease development (12). miRNAs have also been associated with diabetic MI/RI (2). For example, propofol is suggested to serve as a therapeutic target for MI/RI via interactions with miRNA (13). One of the most important regulatory factors in diabetic MI/RI is the interacting miRNA family. For example, miR-144, miR-34a, miR-200 and miR-155 are identified as being pro-apoptotic, among which miR-200c may be related to MI/RI in diabetes (14). Moreover, inhibition of miR-200c is shown to diminish reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) peroxidation and upregulate anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in cardiomyocytes (15). However, at present there is no evidence on whether propofol postconditioning can attenuate diabetic MI/RI through miR-200c-3p. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of propofol postconditioning on diabetic MI/RI, hoping to provide a new theoretical basis for propofol postconditioning to attenuate diabetic MI/RI.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

The present study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University (approval number: 2019-010; Ningbo, China). Animal experimentation was carried out in strict accordance with the Guidelines for the Management and Use of Laboratory Animals issued by the Laboratory Association of China. Extensive efforts were made to minimize the suffering of the animals.

Diabetic MI/RI model establishment and grouping

A total of 54 healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (age, 8–10 weeks; weight, 250–300 g) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. The rats were housed at 22–24°C with 12-h light/dark cycles, at 50–60% humidity and had free access to food and water.

The obtained SD rats were randomly assigned into a high-glucose (HG) group (fed with high fat and HG feed; n=54). After four weeks all rats were fasted for 12 h and the rats were intraperitoneally injected with 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) (16). Blood samples were collected from the tail vein after 72 h to assess fasting blood glucose levels. Diabetic rat models were regarded as successfully established when blood glucose levels were ≥16.7 mmol/l and the animals presented with diabetic symptoms, including excessive drinking, eating, polyuria and weight loss. Subsequently, the diabetic rats were fed with high-fat and HG feed and had their blood glucose monitored for 4 weeks. The rats with unqualified blood glucose were excluded and the qualified ones were used for I/R experiments.

Diabetic rats were intraperitoneally anesthetized with 2% pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). Following tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation was performed with a ventilator. The ventilator was set to the following conditions: tidal volume, 6 ml/kg; respiratory ratio, 1:1.5; and respiratory rate, 80 times/min. An 8-channel physiological signal recorder (PowerLab/8s; ADInstruments Pty Ltd.) was used to continuously monitor a 3-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). The femoral vein was then punctured, catheterized and connected with a micro-perfusion pump for infusion of propofol or normal saline. The left anterior descending coronary artery was isolated through thoracotomy. A 6/0 thread was threaded under the artery and a rigid polyethylene tube with a diameter of 2 mm and a length of 0.5 cm was placed between the myocardium and the ligation thread. When the ligation thread was tightened the color of the myocardium at the ligation site became dark and the ECG displayed significant elevation of the ST segment, indicating successful ischemia. After 30 min of ischemia the ligation thread was released, the color of heart turned back to red, the ST elevation dropped, and reperfusion was performed for 120 min to establish the MI/RI rat model (17).

Diabetic rats were randomly assigned into the following: the sham group (DS group), the MI/RI group (DI group) and the MI/RI + propofol group (DP group), with 18 rats in each group, and with 6 rats used for TTC staining, 6 rats for homogenization treatment, and 6 rats for section staining. Only chest opening and threading were performed in DS rats, equal volumes of normal saline were infused in DI rats and other operations were the same as those in the DP group. Propofol was infused at constant velocity into the femoral vein 3 min prior to perfusion in the DP group for 5 min (propofol was infused 3 min before the start of perfusion until 2 min after the start of perfusion) (20 mg/kg/h) (18). Following I/R treatment, rats were euthanized by intraperitoneal injection of 2% pentobarbital sodium (200 mg/kg).

2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining

The hearts of rats in each group were removed and sliced into 2 mm coronal sections following animal sacrifice. Sections were stained with 1% TTC solution (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at 37°C and incubated in the dark for 30 min. After staining, the sections were fixed with 10% formalin at 4°C for 24 h. Healthy myocardial tissues were stained brick-red and the infarcted myocardial tissues were white. A digital camera was used to capture images. Image J software (version 1.8.0; National Institutes of Health) was used to calculate myocardial infarction size.

Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining

Ischemic myocardial tissues from each group were collected and fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 24 h, embedded in paraffin, and sliced into 4 µm sections. Sections were then dewaxed with xylene, washed twice with anhydrous ethanol, dehydrated using an ethanol gradient, stained with hematoxylin for 5 min and washed with double-distilled water. Subsequently, at room temperature, the sections were differentiated with 0.5% alcohol hydrochloride for 30 sec, stained with eosin for 2 min, washed with xylene for 2 min and sealed with neutral resin. Finally, the sections were observed under a light microscope.

Cell culture

The rat cardiomyocyte H9C2 and 293T cell lines (American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 mg/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin in a humidified incubator at 37°C containing 5% CO₂ and 95% O₂. Subsequent experimentation was carried out at 50% confluency.

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8)

H9C2 cells were collected and treated with various concentrations of propofol (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM) at 37°C for 6 h to determine propofol cytotoxicity. The cells were seeded into 96-well plates (3,000 cells/well) and cultured at 37°C. After culture for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, samples were incubated with 10 µl CCK-8 reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Following incubation at 37°C for 4 h, the optical density was measured at 450 nm and the cell proliferation curve was drawn.

Establishment of the HG hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) model

For hypoxia, H9C2 cells were incubated in 94% N₂, 5% CO₂ and 1% O₂ at 37°C for 12 h, and then reoxygenated for 6 h (9,19). Cells were treated with 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM propofol following 12 h of hypoxia and then propofol treatment and reoxygenation were simultaneously performed for 6 h at 37°C.

Cells were assigned into the following groups: the blank group (H9C2 cells without any treatment), the HG group (cultured in 4.5 g/l HG medium without H/R treatment), the HG + H/R group (H/R treatment was performed following 48 h of HG culture), the P25 group (H/R treatment + propofol postconditioning was performed following HG culture), the P25 + mimic negative control (NC) group (mimic NC + H/R + 25 µM propofol postconditioning was performed following HG culture), the P25 + miR-200c-3p mimic (miR-200C-3p mimic + H/R + 25 µM propofol postconditioning was performed following HG culture), the P25 + small interfering RNA (si)-NC group (si-NC + H/R + 25 µM propofol postconditioning was performed following HG culture) and the P25 + si-AdipoR2 group (si-Adipor2 + H/R + 25 µM propofol postconditioning was performed following HG culture). miR-200c-3p mimic, mimic NC, si-Adipor2, and si-NC were designed by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. The 293T cells (American Type Culture Collection) were transfected with mimic NC, miR-200c-3p mimic, si-NC, or si-AdipoR2 (Shanghai Genechem Co., Ltd.; 30 nM miRNA-mimic and 40–100 nM siRNA) using Lipofectamine 2000^® (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The sequence of the miR-200c-3p mimic was 5′-UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUG−3′ and the sequence of si-AdipoR2 was 5′-GCATCAAGCTGTACATATA-3′, the sequence of mimic NC was 5′-AUGUCCGUAAGGAUACUGGUA−3′ and the sequence of si-NC was 5′-TCGCACTAATAAGGTACAT-3′. miR-200c-3p mimic, si-AdipoR2 and their controls were transfected into the target cells using the Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C for 48 h according to the manufacturer's instructions. Prior to transfection, the cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 1×10⁶ cells/well. On the day of transfection, Lipofectamine RNAiMAX transfection reagent and opti-MEM culture medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were at room temperature for 10 min and added into the 6-well plates. After 24 h, the transfection efficiency in H/R cells was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (Fig. S1) and other experiments were performed.

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

The binding sites of miR-200c-3p and AdipoR2 were predicted using the TargetScan bioinformatics database v. 7.1 (http://www.targetscan.org/vert71/) (20). Subsequently, the wild-type (Wt) and mutant (Mut) 3′untranslated region of the AdipoR2 and miR-200c-3p binding site sequences were amplified and cloned into the pmirGLO dual-luciferase miRNA target expression vector (Promega Corp.). The Wt plasmid AdipoR2-Wt and the corresponding Mut plasmid AdipoR2-Mut were constructed and co-transfected with mimic NC or miR-200c-3p mimic into 293T cells at a density of 2×10⁴ using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol. After 48 h of the transfection at room temperature, the luciferase activity was detected using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega Corp.) according to the manufacturer's instructions, with Renilla luciferase used for normalization. The fluorescence intensity was normalized to the mimic NC plasmid group.

ROS detection

The ROS Assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) was used for ROS detection according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, myocardial tissue homogenate or cells were collected and suspended in diluted 2,7-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate, incubated at 37°C for 30 min and centrifuged at 1,000 × g at 37°C for 5 min to obtain the precipitates. Precipitates were suspended in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and observed under a confocal microscope (LSM 510 Meta microscope; Zeiss GmbH) using an emission wavelength of 525 nm.

Detection of related biochemical indexes

Following the reperfusion procedure, after euthanasia by intraperitoneal injection of 2% pentobarbital sodium (200 mg/kg), 1 ml femoral arterial blood was collected and centrifuged at 300 × g at 4°C for 15 min and the supernatant was extracted. The H9C2 cell line was also used in this experiment. Creatinine kinase-myocardial band levels (CK-MB) were subsequently detected using the Rat CK-MB Isoenzyme ELISA kit (cat. no. E02C0085; BlueGene Biotech) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) levels were determined using a LDH Assay Kit (cat. no. A020-2-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Similarly, SOD levels were quantified using a Total SOD Assay kit (water-soluble tetrazolium-8 method; cat. no. S0101S; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), and MDA levels were detected using a Lipid Peroxidation MDA Assay kit (cat. no. S0131S; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Bax and B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) levels were detected using a Rat Bax ELISA kit (cat. no. E-EL-R0098; Elabscience Biotechnology, Inc.) or a Rat Bcl-2 ELISA kit (E-EL-R0096; Elabscience Biotechnology, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Absorbance values were measured at the corresponding wavelengths.

TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. Myocardial tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 24 h. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using the One-Step TUNEL Cell Apoptosis Detection kit (cat. no. C1088; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) on 4 µm-thick cardiac sections or H9C2 cells. Briefly, the treated sections or cells were incubated with 50 µl TUNEL reagent at 37°C for 1 h, rinsed three times with PBS and counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; 1 mg/ml) at room temperature in the dark for 5 min. The cells (1×10⁶) were collected and sealed with anti-fluorescence quenching sealing solution as mounting medium (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Following another three PBS washes, the sections or cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH). The percentage of apoptotic cells was calculated using five randomly selected fields. The cell apoptotic rate=the number of apoptotic cells (green)/total cells (blue) ×100.

Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

Total RNA was extracted from myocardial tissues or H9C2 cells using TRIzol^® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA was reverse transcribed using the Taqman Micro-RNA Reverse Transcription Reagents kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was performed using the SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Master mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The following thermocycling conditions were used for qPCR: initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min; 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec, annealing at 58°C for 35 sec, elongation at 72°C for 30 sec; and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Expression levels were quantified using the 2^−∆∆Cq method (21) and normalized to the internal reference genes, GAPDH and U6. Primer sequences are shown in Table I.

Table I.

Sequences of primers used for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Gene	Sequence (5′→3′)
miR-200c-3p	F: TAATACTGCCGGGTAAT
	R: TGTCGTGGAGTCGGC
AdipoR2	F: ATGAACGAGCCAACCGAACA
	R: TCAGAAGAGCAATACCAGAG
U6	F: CGCTTCGGCAGCACATATAC
	R: AAATATGGAACGCTTCACGA
GAPDH	F: ATGGTGAAGGTCGGTGTG
	R: TCACCCCATTTGATGTTA

miR, microRNA; AdipoR2, adiponectin receptor 2; F, forward; R, reverse.

Western blotting

Total protein was extracted from myocardial tissues or H9C2 cells using radio-immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Total protein was quantified using a Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Protein Concentration Determination kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Subsequently, proteins (20 µg) were bathed in boiling water for 5 min. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE on a 15% gel following denaturation. Proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes using the wet-transfer method, blocked with 5% skimmed milk-TBS-Tween 20 (TBST; containing 0.05% Tween-20) at room temperature for 60 min. The samples were developed using ECL working fluid (MilliporeSigma). Membranes were then washed using TBST and incubated with the primary antibodies phosphorylated-STAT3 (88 kDa; 1:20,000; cat. no. ab76315; Abcam), STAT3 (88 kDa; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab68153; Abcam) and GAPDH (36 kDa; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab8245; Abcam) overnight at 4°C. Membranes were washed with TBST. Following the primary incubation, membranes were incubated with the secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG (heavy chain and light chain; HRP; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab205718; Abcam) at 37°C for 2 h. A chemiluminescence method was used for visualization and Image J software (version 1.52a; National Institutes of Health) was used for gray value analysis. GAPDH was used as the loading control.

Statistical analysis

SPSS 21.0 statistical software (IBM Corp.) and GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) were used for data analysis. Cell experiments were repeated three times. The Shapiro-Wilk test demonstrated that all data were normal distributed. All data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Unpaired student's t-test was used to analyze comparisons between two groups, whereas one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze comparisons between more than two groups followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicated a statistically significant difference.

Results

Propofol postconditioning has a protective effect on diabetic MI/RI

To verify the effect of propofol postconditioning on diabetic MI/RI, diabetic MI/RI rat models were established and the infarct size was detected using TTC staining. There was no infarct in the myocardium in the DS group. The results demonstrated that the infarct size of the DI group was significantly increased compared with the DP group (Fig. 1A; P<0.01). The results of HE staining demonstrated that in the DS group, rat cardiac structure and cell morphology were normal, the myocardial cells were organized, the capsule was intact and no inflammatory cell or red blood cell infiltration was observed in the stroma. However, in the DI group there was clear myocardial infarction, disordered arrangement of myocardial cells, widened myocardial fiber gap and inflammatory cell infiltration in the stroma. All these conditions were markedly improved in the DP group (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, it has been reported that propofol can relieve I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing apoptosis (10). Therefore, oxidative stress indexes and apoptosis in the various groups were detected. In the DI group, ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH levels were significantly upregulated, whereas SOD levels were significantly reduced, all compared with the DP group (Fig. 1C-G; all P<0.01). Moreover, the results of TUNEL staining demonstrated that compared with the DI group, the apoptosis of myocardial tissue was significantly downregulated in the DP group (Fig. 1H; P<0.01). Bax and Bcl-2 levels in serum were also detected using ELISA. Compared with the DI group, Bax was significantly downregulated and Bcl-2 was significantly upregulated in the DP group (Fig. 1I; P<0.01). Therefore, these findings suggested that propofol postconditioning may inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis, thus improving MI/RI.

Figure 1.

Propofol postconditioning has protective effect on diabetic MI/RI. (A) Area of myocardial infarction was detected using 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride staining. (B) Pathological changes of MI/RI tissue were detected using HE staining. Oxidative stress index levels were detected using ELISA: (C) ROS, (D) CK-MB, (E) LDH, (F) SOD and (G) MDA levels. (H) Apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining. (I) Bax and Bcl-2 serum levels were detected using ELISA. n=6. Three independent cell tests were performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test. **P<0.01. MI/RI, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CK-MB, creatinine kinase-myocardial band; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; DS, sham group; DI, MI/RI group; DP, MI/RI + propofol group.

Propofol postconditioning has a protective effect on H9C2 cells induced by HG and H/R

The effect of propofol postconditioning using in vitro models was also investigated. The CCK-8 assay was performed to detect the effect of propofol on H9C2 cells. The results demonstrated that H9C2 cells treated with 25 µM propofol had a significantly higher cell viability compared with 0 µM concentrations (Fig. 2A; P<0.05). Therefore, a propofol concentration of 25 µM was used to perform postconditioning on H9C2 cells induced by HG and H/R. Following propofol postconditioning, ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH levels were significantly reduced and SOD levels were significantly increased compared with the HG + H/R group (Fig. 2B-F; P<0.01). Furthermore, the results of the TUNEL assay demonstrated that propofol postconditioning significantly suppressed apoptosis compared with the HG + H/R group (Fig. 2G; P<0.01). Compared with the HG + H/R group, it was also observed that Bax levels were significantly reduced and Bcl-2 levels were significantly upregulated as a result of propofol postconditioning (Fig. 2H; P<0.05). These findings suggested that propofol postconditioning may protect H9C2 cells from HG and H/R.

Figure 2.

Propofol postconditioning has a protective effect on HG and H/R-induced H9C2 cells. (A) Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect the toxicity of H9C2 cells. The results determined that cell activity was significantly higher at a propofol concentration of 25 µM compared with the P0 group. Therefore, 25 µM propofol was used in subsequent experiments. Oxidative stress index levels were detected using ELISA: (B) ROS, (C) CK-MB, (D) LDH, (E) SOD and (F) MDA. (G) H9C2 cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining. (H) Bax and Bcl-2 levels in H9C2 cells were detected using ELISA. Three independent cell tests were performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. HG, high glucose; H/R, hypoxia/reperfusion; P, µM propofol; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CK-MB, creatinine kinase-myocardial band; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.

Propofol postconditioning demonstrates antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects on H9C2 cells by inhibiting miR-200c-3p

Previous studies indicate that propofol exerts its protective effects on I/R injury via miRNAs (11,13). Among them, miR-200c is known to promote an oxidative reaction and is associated with diabetic MI/RI (14). Subsequently, the expression patterns of miR-200c-3p were detected using RT-qPCR, which demonstrated that miR-200c-3p expression levels were significantly upregulated in in vivo and in vitro models, compared with the propofol postconditioning groups which exhibited significantly downregulated miR-200c-3p expression levels (Fig. 3A-B; all P<0.01). Moreover, miR-200c-3p expression levels were significantly increased using miR-200c-3p mimic to further investigate the effect of propofol on miR-200c-3p compared with the P25 + mimics NC group (P<0.01). ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH levels were significantly upregulated and SOD levels were significantly downregulated as a result of miR-200c-3p overexpression, compared with P25 + mimics NC (Fig. 3C-G; all P<0.01). Furthermore, TUNEL assay results demonstrated that overexpression of miR-200c-3p significantly increased cell apoptosis compared with P25 + mimics NC (Fig. 3H and I; all P<0.05). Overall, these findings indicated that overexpression of miR-200c-3p may partially reverse the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of propofol postconditioning.

Figure 3.

Propofol postconditioning has antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects on H9C2 cells via miR-200c-3p inhibition. miR-200c-3p mimic was transfected into P25-treated cells and mimics NC was used as control. (A) miR-200c-3p expression levels in the diabetic MI/RI rat model were detected by RT-qPCR, n=6. (B) miR-200c-3p expression levels in H9C2 cells induced by HG and H/R were detected using RT-qPCR. Oxidative stress index levels were detected using ELISA: (C) ROS, (D) CK-MB, (E) LDH, (F) SOD and (G) MDA. (H) H9C2 cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining. (I) Bax and Bcl-2 levels in H9C2 cells were detected using ELISA. Three independent cell tests were performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. miR, microRNA; P25, 25 µM propofol; NC, negative control; MI/RI, myocardial ischemic reperfusion; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CK-MB, creatinine kinase-myocardial band; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; DS, sham group; DI, MI/RI group; DP, MI/RI + propofol group; HG, high glucose; H/R, hypoxia/reperfusion.

miR-200c-3p targets AdipoR2

The targeted mRNA of miR-200c-3p was predicted and analyzed using the TargetScan database (20) to explore the downstream molecular mechanism of miR-200c-3p. Among the predicted targets, AdipoR2 was previously associated with the recovery of diabetic MI/RI (22). Therefore, the binding sites between AdipoR2 and miR-200c-3p were predicted using the TargetScan database (Fig. 4A). Subsequently, the binding relationship was verified using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Compared with the control group, following transfection with miR-200c-3p mimic in the AdipoR2-WT group, the relative luciferase activity was significantly decreased, while that of the AdipoR2-MUT group did not change (Fig. 4B; P<0.01). AdipoR2 mRNA expression levels were detected by RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that propofol postconditioning significantly upregulated the expression of AdipoR2 in vivo and in vitro compared with the DI or HG + H/R group, respectively (Fig. 4C and D; all P<0.01). Furthermore, miR-200c-3p overexpression significantly decreased AdipoR2 mRNA expression levels compared with the P25 + mimics NC group. Overall, these results suggested that propofol postconditioning might manipulate MI/RI by downregulating miR-200c-3p expression and upregulating AdipoR2 expression.

Figure 4.

Propofol postconditioning upregulates AdipoR2 and downregulates miR-200c-3p. (A) Binding sites of miR-200c-3p and AdipoR2 were predicted using TargetScan. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the targeting relationship between miR-200c-3p and AdipoR2. (C) AdipoR2 mRNA expression levels in diabetic myocardial ischemic reperfusion rat model following propofol postconditioning were detected by RT-qPCR, n=6. (D) AdipoR2 mRNA expression levels in H9C2 cells following propofol postconditioning were detected by RT-qPCR. Three independent cell tests were performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Unpaired Student's t-test was used for comparisons between two groups in panel B, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used for comparisons between multiple groups in panels C and D. **P<0.01. AdipoR2, adiponectin receptor 2; miR, microRNA; MI/RI; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; UTR, untranslated region; NC, negative control; P25, 25 µM propofol; Wt, wild-type; Mut, mutant; DS, sham group; DI, MI/RI group; DP, MI/RI + propofol group; HG, high glucose; H/R, hypoxia/reperfusion; rno, Rattus norvegicus.

AdipoR2 downregulation reverses the antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects of propofol on H9C2 cells

To further investigate the function of AdipoR2, AdipoR2 expression levels were silenced in P25-treated cells using si-AdipoR2. Compared with the si-NC group, the mRNA expression levels of AdipoR2 were significantly reduced in the P25 + si-AdipoR2 group (Fig. 5A; P<0.01). The results demonstrated that ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH levels were significantly enhanced and SOD levels were significantly downregulated as a result of AdipoR2 knockdown, compared with P25 + si-NC (Fig. 5B-F; all P<0.01). Furthermore, the results of the TUNEL assay and Bax and Bcl-2 ELISAs demonstrated that AdipoR2 silencing significantly increased apoptosis in H9C2 cells compared with P25 + si-NC (Fig. 5G and H; all P<0.05). Overall, these results indicated that silencing AdipoR2 may partially reverse the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of propofol postconditioning on MI/RI.

Figure 5.

Silencing AdipoR2 partially reverses the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of propofol postconditioning on myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. si-AdipoR2 was transfected into P25-treated cells and si-NC was used as control. (A) AdipoR2 mRNA expression levels in H9C2 cells were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Oxidative stress index levels were detected using ELISA: (B) ROS, (C) CK-MB, (D) LDH, (E) SOD and (F) MDA. (G) H9C2 cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining. (H) Bax and Bcl-2 levels in H9C2 cells were detected using ELISA. Three independent cell tests were performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. AdipoR2, adiponectin receptor 2; si, small interfering RNA; P25, 25 µM propofol; NC, negative control; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CK-MB, creatinine kinase-myocardial band; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.

Propofol postconditioning activated the STAT3 pathway via the miR-200c-3p/AdipoR2 axis

Previous studies have reported that adiponectin (APN) can restore STAT3 activity and suppress apoptosis through AdipoR2 following anoxia of cardiomyocytes (22,23). Therefore, in order to validate whether the STAT3 pathway was involved in the protective effect of propofol postconditioning on diabetic MI/RI, STAT3 protein expression levels were detected via western blotting. The results demonstrated that propofol postconditioning significantly upregulated the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 compared with the DI group. Furthermore, miR-200c-3p overexpression or AdipoR2 knockdown of AdiopR2 significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation levels compared with P25 + mimics NC and P25 + si-NC, respectively (Fig. 6A and B; all P<0.01). These results demonstrated that propofol postconditioning may activate the STAT3 pathway and alleviate MI/RI via the miR-200c-3p/AdipoR2 axis.

Figure 6.

Propofol postconditioning activates the STAT3 pathway via the miR-200c-3p/AdipoR2 axis. (A) STAT3 protein expression levels were detected via western blotting, n=6. (B) STAT3 protein expression levels in the H9C2 cell high sugar H/R model were detected via western blotting. Three independent cell tests were performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test. **P<0.01. miR, microRNA; AdipoR2, adiponectin receptor 2; H/R, hypoxia/reperfusion; DS, sham group; DI, MI/RI group; DP, MI/RI + propofol group; HG, high glucose; p, phosphorylated; P25, 25 µM propofol; NC, negative control; si, small interfering RNA.

Discussion

Patients with diabetes are predisposed to MI/RI, which is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability (24). Preconditioning with propofol during the process of reperfusion is known to confer protection against MI/RI (25). Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of propofol postconditioning on diabetic MI/RI and demonstrated that propofol postconditioning attenuated diabetic MI/RI via the miR-200c-3p/AdipoR2/STAT3 pathway (Fig. S2).

Oxidative stress and apoptosis serve a vital role in the pathogenesis of I/R injury (26). ROS, CK-MB, LDH and SOD are regarded as important indexes of oxidative stress (27,28). Notably, propofol pretreatment was previously indicated to inhibit oxidative stress and further improve nerve function in rats with I/R injury (29). Preconditioning occurs before ischemia. Although propofol preconditioning has been reported to have a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion in the myocardium and brain, it is often unable to predict the occurrence of ischemia clinically, which limits the effect of preconditioning (30). Postconditioning is applied for the ischemic tissues. It is to establish a more effective reperfusion method to treat and save the ischemic tissues and to minimize reperfusion injury (30). Therefore, postconditioning of propofol may have a greater application as a treatment. Shedding a new light on the effect of propofol postconditioning on oxidative stress in diabetic MI/RI, the present study demonstrated that infarct size was significantly reduced and adverse changes in myocardial cells were markedly reduced following I/R treatment, as a result of propofol postconditioning. Moreover, significantly decreased levels of ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH and a significant increase in SOD levels were documented upon propofol postconditioning, which suggested reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, Bax and Bcl-2 are widely-used indicators of apoptosis (28). Bax levels were significantly downregulated, whereas Bcl-2 levels were significantly upregulated as a result of propofol postconditioning. Furthermore, propofol has been previously indicated to exert an inhibitory effect on I/R injury in a variety of experimental models by suppressing apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress (10). These results demonstrated that propofol postconditioning may protect against diabetic MI/RI by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis. The present study also revealed that propofol postconditioning conferred protective effects on H9C2 cardiomyocytes induced by HG and H/R injury in vitro. A recent study also reported that the cardioprotective effects of propofol against MI/RI are dependent on miRNAs (25). miR-200c was previously shown to exhibit proapoptotic cytotoxicity in tumors and endothelial cells (31). Overexpression of miR-200c is also known to inhibit the protective effect of sevoflurane preconditioning against I/R injury (32). miR-200c is further associated with diabetic MI/RI, possibly through the upsurge of ROS (14). The present study reported that propofol postconditioning downregulated miR-200c-3p expression levels. The present study also demonstrated that in addition to significantly increased cell apoptosis, ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH levels were all significantly enhanced, and SOD levels was significantly reduced as a result of miR-200c-3p overexpression in P25-treated H9C2 cells. A previous study demonstrated the rapid upregulation of miR-200c following transient ischemia, leading to transient ischemic injury (31). Upregulation of miR-200c has also been previously associated with oxidative stress (33,34). In view of these findings, it would be plausible to suggest that overexpression of miR-200c-3p partially reversed the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of propofol postconditioning. Therefore, propofol postconditioning may serve an antioxidant and antiapoptotic role in H9C2 cells by inhibiting miR-200c-3p.

Prediction analyses performed using the TargetScan database indicated AdipoR2 as a target gene of miR-200c. AdipoR2 is a type of APN, a cardioprotective molecule derived from adipocytes, and its reduction is known to exacerbate diabetic MI/RI (35). The dual-luciferase reporter assay verified the existence of a targeted binding relationship between miR-200c-3p and AdipoR2. Furthermore, this indicated that propofol postconditioning regulated MI/RI by significantly downregulating miR-200c-3p expression levels and significantly upregulating AdipoR2 mRNA expression levels. Moreover, AdipoR2 silencing in P25-treated cells via si-AdipoR2, resulted in ROS, CK-MB, MDA and LDH levels all being significantly elevated and SOD levels being significantly downregulated. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was also significantly promoted as a result of AdipoR2 silencing. APN is further known to exert protective effects through antiapoptotic activities and antioxidative stress and has been previously indicated as a potential therapy for HI/RI (36). Furthermore, another study illustrated that AdipoR knockdown contributes to aggravating diabetic MI/RI, wherein AdipoR activation represents an effective intervention against diabetic MI/RI (37). Collectively, these findings indicate that silencing AdipoR2 partially reversed the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of propofol postconditioning on MI/RI.

APN possesses the ability to restore STAT3 activation and reduce apoptosis, thus AdipoR2 can function as a mediator to prevent diabetic MI/RI through STAT3 (22). Moreover, the present study demonstrated that propofol postconditioning significantly upregulated STAT3 phosphorylation levels, whereas miR-200c-3p overexpression or AdipoR2 downregulation of AdiopR2 brought about the opposite effect. A recent study documented significant downregulation of STAT3 in I/R injury, which may serve a role in myocardial protection (38). Propofol was also previously shown to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis in MI/RI by repressing the STAT3 pathway (39). Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that propofol postconditioning might have activated the STAT3 pathway and alleviated diabetic MI/RI via the miR-200c-3p/AdipoR2 axis.

In conclusion, results obtained in the present study indicated that propofol postconditioning could protect against MI/RI by inhibiting miR-200c-3p and activating the AdipoR2/STAT3 pathway. However, the protective effect of propofol postconditioning cannot be realized by a single and simple molecular mechanism. Whether propofol postconditioning can exert an effect by regulating other miRNAs is largely unknown. For example, miR-29b has been shown to protect against MI/RI (40). Furthermore, whether the protective effect of propofol postconditioning depends on miR-29b or other miRNAs remains to be studied. The regulation mechanism of propofol postconditioning on AdipoR2/STAT3 axis and whether miR-200c-3p could be a target of MI/RI in diabetes remains to be elucidated. The anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties of propofol postconditioning could be attributed to complex processes of multiple pathways and receptors and the AdipoR2/STAT3 axis is only one of these mechanisms. The protective effect of propofol on MI/RI is not dose-dependent and the mechanism remains unclear. It may be possible that the internal lipid components of propofol can reduce the antioxidant effect of propofol during metabolism, however, this also needs further validation. The results of the present study have provided new ideas for the clinical treatment of diabetic MI/RI.

Funding Statement

Funding: No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

LH designed the study. LD, SY, XH and QR carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript. LH and QR were responsible for reviewing and editing the manuscript. LH and LD confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures were authorized by the Academic Ethics Committee of The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University (Approval number: 2019-010). Experiments was carried out in strict accordance with the Guidelines for the Management and Use of Laboratory Animals issued by the Laboratory Association of China.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.