Table 3.
Association of betel nut chewing years with baseline MetS and its components in study participants with betel nut chewing history (n = 7355) using multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | Baseline MetS | Baseline Abdominal Obesity | Baseline Hypertriglyceridemia | Baseline Low HDL-Cholesterol | Baseline Hyperglycemia | Baseline High Blood Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Betel nut chewing years (per 1 year) | 1.008 (1.004–1.013) ** | 1.006 (1.001–1.010) * | 1.011 (1.006–1.016) ** | 1.012 (1.007–1.017) ** | 1.002 (0.998–1.007) | 0.999 (0.994–1.003) |
| Age (per 1 year) | 1.028 (1.022–1.033) ** | 1.011 (1.006–1.016) ** | 0.988 (0.982–0.993) ** | 0.995 (0.990–1.001) | 1.054 (1.048–1.061) ** | 1.055 (1.049–1.061) ** |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.886 (0.660–1.189) | 0.343 (0.257–0.459) ** | 1.734 (1.247–2.411) * | 0.515 (0.386–0.687) ** | 1.587 (1.147–2.195) * | 1.669 (1.238–2.250) * |
| Smoking history | 0.985 (0.800–1.213) | 0.837 (0.683–1.025) | 1.318 (1.048–1.659) * | 1.296 (1.028–1.633) * | 0.964 (0.777–1.195) | 0.814 (0.660–1.004) |
| Alcohol drinking history | 1.117 (1.010–1.235) * | 1.059 (0.962–1.167) | 0.970 (0.870–1.083) | 0.659 (0.591–0.735) ** | 1.322 (1.1931–0.465) ** | 1.501 (1.358–1.659) ** |
| Regular exercise habits | 0.798 (0.718–0.888) ** | 0.824 (0.744–0.912) ** | 0.679 (0.605–0.763) ** | 0.692 (0.617–0.777) ** | 0.914 (0.820–1.018) | 1.141 (1.028–1.267) * |
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.012 (1.010–1.015) ** | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 1.061 (1.057–1.065) ** | 0.992 (0.990–0.995) ** | 1.005 (1.003–1.007) ** | 1.004 (1.002–1.006) ** |
| LDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.986 (0.983–0.988) ** | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) | 0.944 (0.940–0.948) ** | 0.996 (0.993–0.999) * | 0.995 (0.992–0.997) ** | 0.995 (0.993–0.998) ** |
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.999 (0.996–1.001) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.998 (0.995–1.000) | 1.000 (0.997–1.002) | 1.005 (1.002–1.007) ** | 0.998 (0.995–1.000) |
| Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.258 (1.213–1.305) ** | 1.251 (1.207–1.296) ** | 1.241 (1.192–1.291) ** | 1.203 (1.158–1.250) ** | 1.022 (0.985–1.060) | 1.183 (1.141–1.227) ** |
Values expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Abbreviations are the same as in Table 1. Adjusted for age, gender, smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise habit, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, eGFR and uric acid. * p < 0.05; ** p <0.001.