Table 5.
Association of betel nut chewing years with follow-up MetS and its components in follow-up participants without baseline MetS with a betel nut chewing history (n = 1146) using multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | Follow-Up MetS | Follow-Up Abdominal obesity | Follow-Up Hypertriglyceridemia | Follow-Up Low HDL-Cholesterol | Follow-Up Hyperglycemia | Follow-Up High Blood Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Betel nut chewing years (per 1 year) | 1.021 (1.008–1.035) * | 1.012 (1.001–1.024) * | 1.019 (1.006–1.032) * | 1.015 (1.000–1.030) | 1.003 (0.991–1.015) | 1.007 (0.996–1.018) |
| Age (per 1 year) | 1.005 (0.988–1.023) | 1.005 (0.991–1.019) | 0.961 (0.946–0.976) ** | 0.985 (0.967–1.003) | 1.045 (1.028–1.061) ** | 1.052 (1.038–1.067) ** |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.501 (0.198–1.265) | 0.152 (0.065–0.358) ** | 1.101 (0.448–2.706) | 0.707 (0.264–1.894) | 1.999 (0.656–6.086) | 0.859 (0.378–1.952) |
| Smoking history | 1.296 (0.639–2.628) | 1.277 (0.706–2.311) | 0.735 (0.402–1.342) | 0.782 (0.381–1.601) | 1.107 (0.581–2.109) | 1.194 (0.680–2.096) |
| Alcohol drinking history | 0.909 (0.666–1.241) | 1.000 (0.771–1.298) | 0.745 (0.556–0.999) * | 0.556 (0.396–0.780) * | 1.319 (0.993–1.752) | 1.456 (1.130–1.878) * |
| Regular exercise habits | 0.776 (0.560–1.075) | 0.881 (0.672–1.156) | 0.693 (0.509–0.943) * | 0.826 (0.580–1.175) | 0.971 (0.725–1.301) | 1.053 (0.809–1.369) |
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.008 (1.000–1.017) | 0.991 (0.983–0.999) * | 1.034 (1.025–1.043) ** | 0.968 (0.956–0.980) ** | 1.003 (0.995–1.012) | 1.004 (0.997–1.001) |
| LDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.992 (0.982–1.001) | 1.014 (1.005–1.023) * | 0.972 (0.962–0.981) ** | 1.031 (1.017–1.045) ** | 1.000 (0.991–1.009) | 0.998 (0.990–1.006) |
| eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.999 (0.991–1.007) | 1.001 (0.994–1.007) | 0.996 (0.988–1.003) | 1.003 (0.995–1.012) | 1.000 (0.992–1.007) | 0.998 (0.992–1.005) |
| Uric acid (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.258 (1.117–1.416) ** | 1.199 (1.084–1.327) ** | 1.181 (1.056–1.322) * | 1.110 (0.976–1.262) | 0.927 (0.831–1.034) | 1.147 (1.040–1.266) * |
Values expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Abbreviations are the same as in Table 1. Adjusted for age, gender, smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise habit, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, eGFR and uric acid. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001.