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. 2022 Feb 23;14(5):953. doi: 10.3390/nu14050953

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Percentage of studies in each theme, separated by (A) population (colours correspond to those used in Figure 3A) and (B) performance supplement. Number of participants represented as the (C) absolute number and (D) percentage of the total participants in each theme: performance (direct performance outcomes), health (outcomes related to health status/condition) and indirect associations with performance/health (a physiological or psychological adaptation/response that may subsequently transfer to athletic performance/health). Male versus female (MvF).