Table 3.
HRs (95% CIs) for the association between dietary patterns and risk of COPD.
| Quintile of Dietary Pattern Scores | p for Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Traditional northern dietary pattern | ||||||
| Total (n = 421,426) | ||||||
| Case | 2292 | 3419 | 3142 | 1594 | 845 | |
| Cases/1000 PYs | 2.48 | 3.75 | 3.47 | 1.75 | 0.91 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.199 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.469 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.05) | 0.507 |
| Men (n = 169,188) | ||||||
| Case | 1278 | 1495 | 1549 | 767 | 453 | |
| Cases/1000 PYs | 3.02 | 4.81 | 4.47 | 2.17 | 1.21 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | 0.136 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.060 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.065 |
| Women (n = 252,238) | ||||||
| Case | 1014 | 1924 | 1593 | 827 | 392 | |
| Cases/1000 PYs | 2.02 | 3.21 | 2.85 | 1.48 | 0.71 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.986 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) | 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.097 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.03, 1.23) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.104 |
| Balanced dietary pattern | ||||||
| Total (n = 421,426) | ||||||
| Case | 3062 | 2789 | 2504 | 1818 | 1119 | |
| Cases/1000 PYs | 3.38 | 3.05 | 2.74 | 1.98 | 1.21 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 0.75 (0.67, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Men (n = 169,188) | ||||||
| Case | 1160 | 1381 | 1366 | 998 | 637 | |
| Cases/1000 PYs | 3.90 | 3.94 | 3.56 | 2.49 | 1.69 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.032 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.007 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 0.007 |
| Women (n = 252,238) | ||||||
| Case | 1902 | 1408 | 1138 | 820 | 482 | |
| Cases/1000 PYs | 3.13 | 2.49 | 2.14 | 1.58 | 0.88 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.92) | 0.018 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.94) | 0.031 |
Note: Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) are presented. Model 1 was adjusted for sex (only in total population), education level, marital status, and household income. Model 2 was further adjusted for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, nutritional supplement, BMI, physical activity, and daily energy intake. Model 3 additionally included passive smoking, cook fuel pollution, and heat fuel pollution. p values for interaction between sex and each dietary pattern were 0.159 and <0.001 for the traditional dietary northern pattern and the balanced dietary pattern, respectively. HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; PY = person-year; BMI = body mass index.