Highlights
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Blood stream infection of Enterococcus gallinarum can cause osteomyelitis.
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X-ray images of vertebral osteomyelitis shows degeneration-like change.
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The degeneration-like change develops much faster than true degenerative change.
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Enterococcus gallinarum osteomyelitis might require longer period for development.
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Patients with persistent neck or back pain with fever should undergo blood cultures.
Keywords: Enterococcus gallinarum, Cervical vertebrae, Vertebral osteomyelitis, Infective endocarditis
Abstract
We present a series of images of X-rays and MRI of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Enterococcus gallinarum in a 65-year-old patient with persistent neck pain and fever accompanied by preceding transient biliary enzymes elevation. Images detected progression of degeneration-like changes of C5–7 in three months, which is too rapid for true degeneration and relatively slow for vertebral osteomyelitis of common pathogens. Though initial imagery evaluation detected merely degenerative change, the patient was followed up monthly because of persistent fever. Three months later, the images detected the typical imagery of vertebral osteomyelitis i.e., the destruction of vertebral bone: narrowing of intervertebral spaces with focal osteosclerosis and osteolysis on C5–7 became prominent. At this point, consultation to general internal medicine was made. With grade 3 regurgitation murmur, transthoracic echocardiography was performed and revealed 14-mm-in-diameter vegetation on aortic valve. Blood cultures detected Enterococcus gallinarum of which suspected entry was biliary tract.
No previous case reports of Enterococcus gallinarum referred to vertebral osteomyelitis. While this case showed a typical clinical course of infective endocarditis, the course of progression of vertebral osteomyelitis and perhaps endocarditis was much slower comparing to common pathogens. This might reflect the relatively non-life-threatening features of this organism. Enterococcus gallinarum shows mild resistance to vancomycin and cephalosporins, initial therapy sometimes fails. Enterococcus gallinarum should be newly added to pathogenic candidates of vertebral osteomyelitis especially when feverish patients shows back or neck pain with preceding biliary tract problems.
Explanation of the figure
Progression of degeneration-like changes of C5–7 was detected on a series of X-rays in a 65-year-old patient presenting with neck pain which persisted from August 2021. From July 2021, a fever persisted with transient biliary enzymes elevation: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and upper/lower endoscopic examinations detected no abnormality. Initial X-ray in August shows irregular alignment of C5–7 and osteophytes (Panel A, Panel B: magnified). X-rays show minimal change in September (Panel C) and in October (Panel D). Short T1 inversion recovery (STIR) of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in September shows non-specific minimal deformity of C6/7 which was diagnosed with degenerative change by a radiologist (Panel E). Narrowing of intervertebral spaces with focal osteosclerosis (arrowheads) and osteolysis (arrow) on C5–7 became prominent on the X-ray in November (Panel F). STIR of MRI detected disc-space narrowing, irregular surface of C5/6–6/7 representing destruction of endplates and bone marrow edema (thick arrows) (Panel G), which indicated osteomyelitis. Physical examination detected grade 3 regurgitation murmur and otherwise not remarkable. Though transthoracic echocardiography revealed 14-mm-in-diameter vegetation on aortic valve (Panel H), cardiac function was kept within normal range. Diagnosis with vertebral osteomyelitis with infective endocarditis was made. Spleen was the only site of thromboembolism detected by whole body enhanced computed tomography. Enterococcus gallinarum was isolated from blood cultures.
Though the cause of degenerative change or bone destruction is not distinguishable by X-ray, the term of progression is helpful: true degeneration needs years and vertebral osteomyelitis needs weeks to months [1]. Practically, early diagnosis is ideal: MRI is the best modality with high sensitivity and specificity [1]. Consequently, vertebral destruction progressed slowly for osteomyelitis in this case, no features of vertebral osteomyelitis were detectable in the initial MRI. Enterococci show relatively non-life-threatening pathogenicity in nature [2]. Enterococcus gallinarum consists of a normal intestinal microbiota and is mainly detected as surgical site infection, as bacteremia of immunosuppressive patients by any cause or as bacteremia in immunocompetent patients of which 75% are with biliary tract obstruction [3]. Enterococcus gallinarum is susceptible to ampicillin with innate resistance to vancomycin, cephalosporins or other antimicrobials: initial empirical therapy for endocarditis sometimes fails [4]. The prevalence of endocarditis caused by Enterococcus gallinarum is increasing [5]. Enterococcus gallinarum should be newly added to pathogenic candidates of vertebral osteomyelitis especially when feverish patients shows back or neck pain with preceding biliary tract problems.
Ethical approval
This manuscript has obtained ethical approval of the institute that the author belongs to.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
The work is done by the author alone.
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The patient provided informed consent for the publication of the images and accompanying manuscript.
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The work described has not been published previously nor under consideration for publication elsewhere. The publication is approved by all authors and by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out. If accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder.
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The author obtained written and signed consent to publish the manuscript and imagery to “case illustrated” part of ID Cases.
Conflicts of interest
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Availability of the data in this manuscript
This manuscript contains no data other than images of the patient. The author agrees that images on this manuscript are not re-used in the same form without written consent of the copyright-holder, if accepted.
References
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Data Availability Statement
This manuscript contains no data other than images of the patient. The author agrees that images on this manuscript are not re-used in the same form without written consent of the copyright-holder, if accepted.