Abstract
Endothelial rejection has been described following both m-RNA and vector-based vaccines for COVID-19. There is one case report of a stromal rejection described following influenza vaccination. We report a case of stromal rejection following vector-based COVID-19 vaccination, which might be the first case reported so far.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine, penetrating keratoplasty, stromal rejection
Corneal graft endothelial rejection following vaccination is rare and has been described most commonly following influenza vaccination besides tetanus toxoid, hepatitis B, yellow fever, and herpes zoster.[1,2,3,4,5] Recently, endothelial rejection has been reported in keratoplasties following both mRNA and vector-based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.[6,7,8,9,10,11] There is only one case report of a stromal rejection following influenza vaccination at 3 weeks in a deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.[12] We report a case of a stromal rejection that occurred at 6 weeks following the second dose of COVID-19 vector vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 CoronaVirus Vaccine (Recombinant) COVISHIELD) following penetrating keratoplasty, which may be the first case reported in literature so far.
Case Report
A 79-year-old single eyed patient presented with diminution of vision of one-week duration in the left eye. He had taken his second shot of COVID-19 vector vaccine (COVISHIELD) 6 weeks ago prior to the onset of symptoms. The right eye was eviscerated in 2008 following endophthalmitis. In the left eye, the patient underwent Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty in 2012 for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy followed by penetrating keratoplasty in 2017 for a failed graft. He was treated for Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2016 for a period of 6 months. Both systemic and ocular evaluation 4 months prior to presentation was unremarkable. At presentation, his best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/120. The graft had a localized central stromal edema suggestive of a stromal rejection. The surface was stable, sutures were intact, and there were no keratic precipitates [Fig. 1]. The eye was quiet and patient did not have symptoms of pain or photophobia. There was no past history of viral keratitis. Considering his single-eyed status, he was started on hourly topical steroids along with oral steroids, which were tapered gradually. At 2 months review, BCVA maintained at 20/120, edema resolved with a mild residual stromal haze [Fig. 2].
Figure 1.
Localized stromal edema
Figure 2.
Faint corneal haze 2 months review
Discussion
Corneal transplantation compared to other solid organ transplantation is well tolerated due to immune privilege of the cornea and the absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presenting cells.[2] Review of literation shows rare reports of unilateral or bilateral cases of endothelial rejection as early as day 1–8 weeks[3] following vaccination most commonly following influenza vaccine. Recently, endothelial rejection following both mRNA and vector-based COVID-19 vaccines has been reported from day 1–3 weeks following vaccination[6,7,8,9,10,11] [Table 1]. Ours is probably the first case of stromal rejection following COVID-19 vaccination. Like in all previous reports, we can only speculate that this is vaccine related as the patient was systemically stable and there were no ocular risk factors. Similar to ours, Phylactou M et al.[7] and Abousy M et al.[11] have also reported endothelial rejection following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Every immunization elicits an antigenic response due to activation of Class 2 MHC complex in all corneal layers, which in turn activates the immune status.[3] Adenovirus-vectored vaccines are known to induce strong cellular immunity and ChAdOx1nCoV-19 vaccination has been shown to be associated with marked increases in SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific effector T-cell responses as early as day 7, peaking at day 14, and maintained up to day 56.[13] However, considering the rare reports of rejections in patients receiving influenza, COVID-19, or other similar vaccines, one can presume that there must be other factors titrating immune responses culminating at times in rejection. Sometimes, the cause and effect relationship is not obvious and hence this may be underreported.
Table 1.
Literature review of corneal graft rejection following COVID-19 vaccination
| Author | Type of COVID-19 vaccine | Details of surgery | Type and time of rejection |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crnej A et al. | BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | DMEK | Endothelial rejection 7 days after the first dose |
| Phylactou M et al. | BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Case 1 - DMEK | Endothelial rejection |
| Case 2 - bilateral DMEK | Case 1-7 days after the first dose | ||
| Case 2 - bilateral rejection, 3 weeks after the second dose | |||
| Rallis et al. | BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | DSAEK followed by PK | Endothelial rejection 3 days after the first dose |
| Wasser LM et al. | BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Case 1 - PK followed by re-PK | Endothelial rejection |
| Case 2 - OU PK, OD RE - PK | Case 1-13 days after the first dose | ||
| Case 2 - OD - 14 days after the first dose | |||
| Abousy M et al. | BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Bilateral DSEK | Endothelial rejection Bilateral rejection - 2 weeks after the second dose |
| Ravichandran et al. | ChAdO×1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Vaccine Recombinant COVISHIELD | PK | Endothelial rejection 3 weeks after the first dose |
| Our case | ChAdO×1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Vaccine Recombinant COVISHIELD | PK | Stromal rejection 6 weeks after the second dose |
DMEK: Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty, DSAEK: Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, PK: Penetrating keratoplasty
Conclusion
Hiking steroids prior to and after vaccination both primary and booster in all patients who have undergone transplantation is recommended. Rallis et al.[8] have suggested that it is prudent to defer elective corneal transplant by 3–6 months after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccines. Patients should also be counselled about these risks and to report at the earliest in case of symptoms of graft rejection to hasten visual recovery.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
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