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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2022 Jan 10;89:41–54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.01.005

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Novel methods for assessing masculinization of the rat POA. A) Schematic outlining statistical approaches to comprehensively assess POA masculinization, including repeated measures analysis and masculinization index. B) Heat map representing normalized and log-transformed values for masculinization parameters, including male sex behavior (number of mounts, latency to first mount), and SDN-POA area, as well as negative control parameters, including anxiety-like behavior (% open arm time, number of center crosses) across individual animals. The normalized and log transformed values for masculinization parameters in vehicle control females significantly differed from all other groups and behaviors when assessed as a repeated measures three-way ANOVA (treatment*sex*measure p=0.0234, F=3.853) and masculinization index two-way ANOVA (treatment*sex p=0.0357, F=3.586). (Vehicle) Control n= 9 male, n = 9 female; Estradiol n = 9 male, n = 9 female; Nicotine n = 8 male, n = 8 female. *P< 0.02, **P< 0.05 Student’s t-test post hoc analysis compared to vehicle-treated females following significant three-way repeated measures ANOVA or two-way masculinization index ANOVA, respectively. N indicates the number of litters.