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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Mar;36(3):322–328. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202111002

CT血管造影预估近端蒂股前外侧皮瓣血管蒂长度的临床应用研究

Clinical application of computed tomographic angiography in predicting the vascular pedicle length of the proximally-based anterolateral thigh flap

Danying WANG 1, Yuanbo LIU 1,*, Weiwei CHEN 2, Mengqing ZANG 1, Shan ZHU 1, Bo CHEN 1, Shanshan LI 1
PMCID: PMC8923919  PMID: 35293174

Abstract

Objective

To explore the reliability and effectiveness of prediction of the pedicle length of the proximally-based anterolateral thigh (pALT) flap which was used to repair the defects following the resection of various malignant tumors using computed tomographic angiography (CTA).

Methods

The clinical data of 12 patients who met the selection criteria by using pALT flap to repair wounds left after malignant tumor resection between June 2015 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 5 males and 7 females; the age ranged from 16 to 80 years, with an average age of 54.4 years. After tumor resection, the soft tissue defect ranged from 15 cm×5 cm to 30 cm×12 cm; defect sites included 4 cases of lower abdomen, 3 cases of groin, 2 cases of thigh, and 3 cases of buttocks. Preoperative CTA was used to obtain the location information of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery and its perforators by maximum density projection, and the length of the pedicle of pALT flap was estimated. Fasciocutaneous flap (5 cases) or myocutaneous flap (7 cases) were cut during operation to repair the defect, and the size of flap ranged from 20 cm×7 cm to 30 cm×12 cm. The donor site of thigh was directly sutured (11 cases) or repaired with skin graft (1 case). Bland-Altman analysis was used to detect the consistency between the pALT flap vascular pedicle length estimated by CTA and the pALT flap vascular pedicle length actually obtained during operation.

Results

One case had distal blood supply disturbance of the flap and was repaired with skin graft after debridement; the remaining 11 flaps survived. All donor and recipient incisions healed by first intention. All 12 cases were followed up 1-12 months, with an average of 4.3 months. One patient died of pelvic tumor recurrence at 6 months after operation, and no tumor recurrence was found in the other patients. Preoperative CTA estimated that the length of pALT flap vascular pedicle was 9.3-24.7 cm, with an average of 14.7 cm; the actual length of pALT flap vascular pedicle was 9.5-25.0 cm, with an average of 14.8 cm. Bland-Altman analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the pALT flap vascular pedicle length estimated by CTA before operation and the pALT flap vascular pedicle length actually obtained during operation, and the average difference was 0.1 (95% consistency limit: –0.89, 0.74), indicating that they had good consistency.

Conclusion

CTA can be accurately used to localize the perforator and predict the possible pedicle length of the pALT flap. When performing a pALT flap surgery, preoperative CTA is helpful for surgeons to make a preliminary assessment of the difficult of the operation. The time for exploration of perforators and dissection of the vascular pedicle, and complications can be reduced, and the safety of the operation can be improved.

Keywords: Proximally-based anterolateral thigh flap, computed tomography angiography, vascular pedicle length, defect repair


股前外侧(anterolateral thigh,ALT)皮瓣既可游离移植,也可以带蒂移位,是修复重建外科最常用的组织瓣之一。1986年,Koshima等[1]首次报道近端蒂ALT(proximally-based ALT,pALT)皮瓣;其具有血管恒定、切取相对简单、血管蒂长、切取面积大等优点,可用于修复腹股沟、腹部、会阴部、阴囊、转子区、坐骨区和大腿后侧皮肤缺损[2],并可用于再造阴道[2]和阴茎[3]。随着缺损区和大腿供区之间的距离增加,需要更长的血管蒂从而确保皮瓣能转移至受区。术前准确预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度,从而对手术难度做出初步判断,是实施pALT皮瓣手术的一个关键环节。

CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)被广泛用于定位ALT皮瓣穿支血管位置,并具有较高准确性[4];但是,术前利用影像学方法对血管蒂长度进行预估的研究报道较少。Łuczewski等[5]认为通过彩色多普勒超声(color doppler ultrasonography,CDU)和数学建模方式评估游离ALT皮瓣的最短血管蒂长度准确性高;Powers等[6]认为采用CTA能准确评估阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣可能的最短和最长血管蒂。迄今尚未见应用CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度的相关报道。2015年6月—2020年12月,我们对拟采用pALT皮瓣修复恶性肿瘤切除后遗留创面的患者,在术前应用CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度,辅助术前皮瓣设计,获得良好手术效果。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

纳入标准:应用pALT皮瓣修复恶性肿瘤切除后遗留创面者。排除标准:① 肾功能异常;② 有碘化造影剂过敏史,无法实施CTA检查者;③ CTA检查图像质量不佳者。2015年6月—2020年12月,共12例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。

本组男5例,女7例;年龄16~80岁,平均54.4岁。肉瘤7例、转移瘤3例、肌上皮瘤1例、病理未明确1例。肿瘤切除后软组织缺损范围为15 cm×5 cm~30 cm×12 cm;缺损部位:下腹部4例、腹股沟3例、大腿2例、臀部3例。7例有术前放射治疗史,7例为肿瘤复发患者。患者临床资料见表1

表 1.

The clinical data of 12 patients

患者临床资料

序号
No.
性别
Gender
年龄
(岁)
Age
(years)
诊断
Diagnosis
CTA预测血管
蒂长度(cm)
Vascular pedicle
length predicted
by CTA (cm)
术中测量血管
蒂长度(cm)
Actual pedicle
length (cm)
缺损位置
Defect location
缺损大小(cm2
Defect size
(cm2)
皮瓣面积(cm2
Flap size
(cm2)
皮瓣成活
Flap survival
随访时间
(月)
Follow-up
time (months)
1 37 鼻咽鳞状细胞癌骨
盆转移
17.8 18.0 右侧臀部 25×7 29×8 完全成活 11
2 71 骨盆肉瘤 19.7 20.0 左侧臀部 30×12 30×12 完全成活 1
3 60 平滑肌肉瘤 11.8 11.0 下腹部 20×8 22×9 完全成活 1
4 50 黏液样脂肪肉瘤腹
壁转移
11.4 12.0 下腹部 15×5 18×9 完全成活 1
5 80 多形性未分化肉瘤 14.8 15.0 下腹部 28×8 28×8 完全成活 2
6 65 中分化结肠腺癌腹
壁转移
14.6 14.0 下腹部 15×6 20×7 完全成活 2
7 71 未分化高级别多形
性肉瘤
24.7 25.0 左侧大腿 15×10 35×9 完全成活 9
8 26 病理学诊断待确定 14.7 15.0 右侧大腿 18×11 29×10 远端1/3坏死 7
9 16 上皮样肉瘤 12.3 12.0 右侧腹股沟 15×8 20×8 完全成活 4
10 73 脂肪肉瘤 15.8 16.0 右侧臀部 33×9 33×9 完全成活 12
11 50 肌上皮瘤 9.3 9.5 左侧腹股沟 21×10 23×8 完全成活 1
12 54 平滑肌肉瘤 9.7 10.0 右侧腹股沟 15×7 22×8 完全成活 1

1.2. CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度

患者取仰卧位,采用Brilliance64排螺旋CT(Philips公司,荷兰)扫描,主要参数:层厚1 mm,像素矩阵512×512,管电压120 kVp,管电流500 mA。经肘静脉注射造影剂碘普罗胺注射液(75.89 g/100 mL;Bayer AG公司,德国),注射剂量1.0~1.5 mL/kg,推注速度2.5~3.5 mL/s。采用团注方法监测腹主动脉根部,检测出发阈值达到100 HU后自动触发扫描程序。

扫描完成后,将原始数据传输到外部工作站(Extended BrillianceTM Workspace V4.5.3.40140),直接观察断层原始数据,利用最大密度投影(maximal intensity projection,MIP)三维重建图像轴位像定位旋股外侧动脉降支的发出点(O)和来自降支的穿支在降支的发出点(P)并进行血管蒂长度预估。应用定位模式将轴位像定点结果转移至冠状位确定穿支位置(图1)。定位及测量方法如下:经髂前上棘(anterior superior iliac spine,ASIS)作一垂线。测量O点和ASIS之间的垂直距离(D1)、O点至经ASIS所作垂线之间的水平距离(D2);测量P点和ASIS之间的垂直距离(D3)、P点至经ASIS所作垂线之间的水平距离(D4)。若拟切取肌皮瓣,O点和P点之间的距离即为拟切取肌皮瓣血管蒂长度。若拟切取筋膜皮瓣,O点和P点之间的距离与穿支血管长度之和,即为拟切取筋膜瓣血管蒂长度。穿支血管长度测量法:在轴位上定位穿支在深筋膜穿出点(A)后调整显示平面,使A点与冠状位上定位的穿支自降支发出点(A’)在同一层面显示(该平面垂直于轴位平面),A’点至P点的距离则为穿支血管长度。见图23

图 1.

MIP images of different positions to locate perforator vessels (arrow)

不同体位MIP图像定位穿支血管位置(箭头)

a. 冠状位;b. 轴位;c. 矢状位

a. Coronal view; b. Axial view; c. Sagittal view

图 1

图 2.

Positioning and measurement of coronal MIP image

冠状位MIP图像的定点和测量

a. 定位O点、ASIS并测量D1和D2;b. 定位P点并测量D3和D4;c. 测量O点至P点距离

a. Located point O, ASIS and measured D1 and D2; b. Located point P and measured D3 and D4; c. Measured the distance from point O to point P

图 2

图 3.

MIP image measurement of perforator vessel length

MIP图像测量穿支血管长度

a. 轴位上定位A点;b. 冠状位上定位A’点和P点并测量A’点至P点的距离

a. Positioning point A in axial view; b. Positioning point A’ and P in coronal view and measuring the distance from point A’ to point P

图 3

1.3. 手术方法

1.3.1. 结合CTA定点设计皮瓣

根据CTA定位结果,将O点和P点标记于pALT皮瓣供区大腿。连接ASIS和髌骨外上缘,画1条直线(AP线),在AP线中点近、远端应用便携式超声多普勒(hand-held Doppler,HHD)探查穿支血管,标记,并与P点相对照。首先评估缺损位置和大小,测量O点至缺损最远点(D’)之间的距离;设计皮瓣时,预估的血管蒂长度和P点到皮瓣最远点(D)之间距离之和,应大于O点至D’ 点之间的距离。其中,设计肌皮瓣时,OP(或OP’)+PD(或P’D)>OD’;设计筋膜皮瓣时,OP(或OP’)+PA(或PA’)+AD(或A’D)>OD’。 见图4

图 4.

图 4

Schematic diagram of flap design according to CTA fixed point and measurement results

结合CTA定点和测量结果绘制皮瓣设计示意图

1.3.2. 皮瓣修复手术

切除肿瘤后再次评估受区创面位置、大小和形状,根据需要适当调整皮瓣设计。然后切开皮瓣内侧缘,在深筋膜下进行剥离;打开外侧肌间隔,找到旋股外侧动脉降支主干,对旋股外侧动脉分支进行观察。根据术前探查结果和术中所见选择最佳穿支血管,作为pALT皮瓣的血管蒂,术中测量血管蒂长度;根据受区创面情况,可以切取筋膜皮瓣(5例)或肌皮瓣(7例)。切开皮瓣外侧切口,完全掀起皮瓣,由远及近剥离血管蒂。皮瓣切取范围20 cm×7 cm~30 cm×12 cm。皮瓣通过明道或皮下隧道转移至受区,修复缺损;大腿供区直接拉拢缝合(11例)或采用植皮修复(1例)。

1.4. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后24 h内每4小时观察皮瓣血运1次。无需固定下肢,老年患者注意术后早期活动,避免发生下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后14 d拆除切口缝线,患者逐步恢复正常活动。

定期随访观察肿瘤复发情况。应用Bland-Altman分析法检测CTA预估的pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度与术中实际获得的pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度之间的一致性,评价术前利用CTA进行血管蒂长度预测的准确性。

2. 结果

术后1例出现皮瓣远端血运障碍,清创后应用植皮修复;余11例皮瓣全部成活。供受区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。12例均获随访,随访时间1~12个月,平均4.3个月。1例患者术后6个月因盆腔肿瘤复发死亡,余患者未见肿瘤复发。见表1。本组患者术前CTA预估的pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度为9.3~24.7 cm,平均14.7 cm;术中实际获得的pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度为9.5~25.0 cm,平均14.8 cm。Bland-Altman分析示,术前CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度与术中实际获得的pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度无显著差异,平均差值为0.1(95%一致限:−0.89,0.74),说明二者具有较好的一致性。

3. 典型病例

例1 男,37岁。因“鼻咽鳞状细胞癌骨盆转移癌切除术后切口裂开”入院。检查:右臀部塌陷,臀部及臀沟上方切口裂开,有脓性分泌物渗出。术前应用CTA预估pALT皮瓣的血管蒂长度为17.8 cm。术中彻底清创,去除坏死组织,缺损面积为25 cm×7 cm;切取面积为29 cm×8 cm的pALT皮瓣,明道转移至臀部,修复缺损,供区直接拉拢缝合;术中测量血管蒂长度为18.0 cm。术后皮瓣成活,供受区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。随访11个月,未见肿瘤复发,患者行走功能正常。见图5

图 5.

Case 1

病例1

a. 术前臀部外观和切口裂开情况;b. 术前应用CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度;c. 术中肌皮瓣切取完毕;d. 术后11个月外观

a. Preoperative view showing the buttock appearance and wound dehiscence; b. Preoperative CTA was used to predict the vascular pedicle length of the pALT flap; c. The musculocutaneous flap was elevated completely; d. Appearance at 11 months after operation

图 5

4. 讨论

4.1. CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度

pALT皮瓣具有血管蒂长、组织量丰富、供区损害小、可以切取嵌合皮瓣修复复杂创面的优点,可用于修复会阴部、腹股沟、腹壁、大腿后侧和坐骨区缺损[27]。虽然pALT皮瓣可以修复的缺损范围很广泛,但对于上腹部、臀部和对侧大腿等较远部位缺损的修复,仍然是一个挑战[8-9]。应用pALT皮瓣修复缺损的关键在于准确定位穿支血管位置和确保皮瓣转移更远距离。现在临床上常用的穿支血管定位方法包括HHD、CDU、CTA等[10],每种方法各有适应证和优缺点。虽然利用CDU进行穿支定位在灵敏度、特异性和准确性方面可能比HHD和CTA更有优势,但未经培训的医生进行CDU穿支定位以及穿支特点分析所需时间较长,检查期间患者必须一直保持相同体位,造成一定不便[11];在定位过程中,由于超声探头对软组织的挤压及体表定位处的遮挡,使得探头离开体表后,无法精准还原定位处的体表投射点;此外,CDU不能直接测量血管蒂长度,需要通过建立数学模型间接估算血管蒂长度[5];如果利用CDU在体表定位血管蒂起止点的位置,通过直接测量两点间直线距离进行血管蒂长度预测,可能会产生较大误差。然而,通过CTA则能够获取直观、可视化的血管解剖,利用MIP进行图像重建可直接测量血管蒂长度并且可重复进行分析测量,相较CDU更具有临床意义。CTA可以同时显示源血管和穿支血管情况,广泛用于定位穿支血管,被认为是术前设计腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣的金标准[12]。CTA也广泛应用于定位ALT皮瓣穿支血管的位置;很多研究显示术前CTA检查可以提高ALT皮瓣手术设计的准确性,缩短手术时间,提高手术成功率,降低治疗费用[13-14]。对于拟实施ALT皮瓣手术的患者,术前我们结合HHD和CTA探查ALT区穿支血管位置,在探查结果指导下,术中能准确找到穿支血管。

既往CTA在ALT皮瓣领域应用的研究集中于探查穿支血管的来源、走行、口径、穿出深筋膜位置等,未对血管蒂长度进行研究。而对于pALT皮瓣,血管蒂长度是决定皮瓣转移距离的关键因素。Powers等[6]应用CTA探测阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣的穿支血管,并预估血管蒂长度,作者认为该方法便于皮瓣设计和术中剥离、缩短手术时间和探查的切口长度,提高手术效果。Fuse等[15]报道1例臀部肿瘤患者,应用带蒂ALT皮瓣修复肿瘤切除后缺损;虽然作者应用术前CTA检查MIP成像预估了血管蒂长度,并认为这一措施可以提高手术安全性,但并未将预估结果转移到大腿供区。我们借鉴上述研究成果,利用CTA三维成像技术准确探测降支发出点位置和拟采用的穿支血管位置,利用MIP图像进行定点和长度测量,以ASIS作为参考,将探测到的结果转化到患者大腿供区,指导皮瓣设计。经过Bland-Altman分析提示,术前CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度与术中实际获得的pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度无显著差异。

值得注意的是,根据我们的经验,血管蒂长度加上穿支发出点至皮瓣最远点的距离,至少要比旋股外侧动脉降支发出点至缺损最远点的距离大2 cm,才能够保证皮瓣安全转移。因为皮瓣向受区转移过程中,血管蒂长度会造成一定程度损耗,比如要跨过隆起的肌肉、骨性凸起等部位等;另外,皮瓣转移过程中,血管蒂不应承载过大张力,否则会对血管蒂造成损害。

4.2. CTA预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度的不足

虽然CTA检查可以准确定位pALT皮瓣的穿支血管位置和预估血管蒂长度,但是也存在以下不足:① 对于身体质量指数大的患者,股外侧肌到皮肤表面的组织较厚,根据CTA检查结果进行体表定位时可能与实际情况存在一定偏差。② 应用CTA检查MIP图像所测量的血管蒂长度是降支发出点和穿支在降支发出点之间的直线距离,而血管往往迂曲走行,所测距离与实际血管蒂长度之间可能存在偏差。但考虑到皮瓣转移时为避免血管损害,血管蒂不宜承载过大张力,因此CTA预估的直线距离可能对外科医生更具指导意义。③ CTA是有创检查,患者存在放射暴露;对碘造影剂过敏者不能实施CTA检查。

4.3. 其他可以增加pALT皮瓣转移距离的措施

除前述准确预估pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度,对于确保皮瓣能准确转移到缺损区具有重要意义外,还有一些临床经验和手术技巧可以增加pALT皮瓣的转移距离。包括:① 螺旋桨皮瓣技术的关键步骤之一是将穿支血管的位置放置于皮瓣一侧,从而使大桨转移更远距离,这种设计穿支位置的方法被称为“皮瓣的偏心设计”[16];可以借鉴这种偏心设计方法设计pALT皮瓣,但需注意皮瓣远端的血流灌注情况,吲哚菁绿血管造影技术可用于准确评估皮瓣远端血液灌注情况。② 旋股外侧动脉和降支一般发出2~3支股直肌支营养股直肌;切断股直肌支可以进一步增加pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度。Tamai等[17]证实切断股直肌支可使pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度延长3 cm。有学者认为切断股直肌支可能导致股直肌缺血坏死[18]。我们在切断股直肌支前,先用血管夹暂时夹闭拟切断的股直肌支,应用吲哚菁绿血管造影技术评估股直肌血液灌注情况,证实在保留最近端股直肌支前提下,切断远端的1~2支股直肌支,不会影响股直肌的血供。③ Kimata等[19]报道切断旋股外侧动脉横支以增加pALT皮瓣血管蒂长度,这种做法将损害大腿肌肉血供,宜尽量避免。④ 如果缺损位于供区大腿内侧或上方,皮瓣可以通过股直肌或缝匠肌下转移,从而避免血管蒂横跨上述2块肌肉上方造成的长度损耗,将皮瓣转移更远距离[16]。⑤ Kim等[20]应用pALT皮瓣修复上腹部缺损,术中因血管蒂长度不足,作者切断皮瓣血管蒂,将血管蒂与位于远端来自降支的肌支相吻合 ,从而延长血管蒂,成功将皮瓣转移至上腹部受区。这一术式的变化设计新颖,但需实施显微血管吻合是其不足。上述策略都是常用的延长pALT皮瓣血管蒂、增加皮瓣转移距离的方法,外科医生可根据修复重建手术要求酌情使用。

虽然本研究存在一定局限性,比如样本量不足,需要更大样本量证实所得结果的准确性;CTA检查结果准确性与放射科医生的技术存在依赖性;CTA并不能显示所有穿支血管,存在术中检查到穿支血管,而CTA检查未发现这些穿支的情况。但是,实施pALT皮瓣手术时,术前CTA检查不但可准确定位穿支血管位置,还可以预估皮瓣血管蒂长度,结合缺损位置,外科医生可以对手术难度做出初步判断,术中可减少穿支探查、血管蒂剥离的时间,降低并发症发生率,提高手术安全性。

利益冲突 所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突

伦理声明 研究方案经中国医学科学院整形外科医院医学伦理委员会批准(2021-190);患者或其家属均签署知情同意书

作者贡献声明 王丹莹负责文章撰写,参与研究设计与实施、数据整理及统计分析;刘元波参与研究设计与实施,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;陈威威辅助数据收集整理及统计分析;朱珊、臧梦青参与研究实施;陈博、李杉珊对文章的知识性内容进行审阅

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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