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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Mar;36(3):380–385. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202110075

肩关节稳定机制再平衡理论在肩关节不稳和运动功能障碍治疗中的临床应用

Rebalancing theory of shoulder stability mechanism for the diseases related to the shoulder instability and dysfunction of motion

Baoyong JIN 1, Yan LI 1,, Lin MA 1, Binghua ZHOU 1,*, Kanglai TANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC8923926  PMID: 35293182

Abstract

Objective

To introduce a new theory of shoulder stability mechanism, rebalancing theory, and clinical application of this new theory for the shoulder instability and dysfunction of motion.

Methods

Through extensive review of the literature related to shoulder instability and dysfunction of the motion in recent years, combined with our clinical practice experience, the internal relation between passive stability mechanism and dynamic stability mechanism were summarized.

Results

Rebalancing theory of shoulder stability mechanism is addressed, namely, when the shoulder stability mechanism is destructive, the stability of the shoulder can be restored by the rebalance between dynamic stability mechanism and passive stability mechanism. When dynamic stability is out of balance, dynamic stability can be restored by rebalancing the different parts of dynamic stability mechanism or to strengthen the passive stability mechanism. When passive stability mechanism is out of balance, passive stability can be restored by rebalancing the soft tissue and bone of the shoulder.

Conclusion

Rebalancing theory of shoulder stability mechanism could make a understanding the occurrence, development, and prognosis of shoulder instability and dysfunction from a comprehensive and dynamic view and guide the treatment effectively.

Keywords: Shoulder instability, rebalancing theory, dynamic stability, passive stability


生理情况下,肩关节活动度及稳定性主要由动力稳定机制和静力稳定机制共同维持[1]。当肩关节两种稳定机制被破坏后,既可以出现肩关节不稳,也可以出现运动功能障碍。肩关节盂唇撕裂或关节盂骨性结构损伤以及先天性肩关节囊松弛等会破坏肩关节静力稳定机制,临床上表现为肩关节复发性脱位或慢性不稳。关节镜下垂直褥式缝合关节囊治疗肩关节复发性前脱位合并关节松弛症,获得了较好早期临床疗效[2]。该研究结果纠正了既往这一特殊类型疾病不适合行单纯软组织修复加强手术的观点。另外,采用关节囊270° 或360° 松解合并肩峰下间隙恢复术治疗冻结肩和创伤性肩关节功能障碍,患者肩关节活动度改善、疼痛缓解明显[3-4]。这实际上是通过破坏肩关节静力稳定机制来恢复肩关节运动能力。但为什么肩关节脱位患者施行关节囊垂直褥式缝合后能恢复并维持肩关节稳定性,而冻结肩以及创伤性肩关节功能障碍患者施行肩关节囊松解后肩关节稳定性未受到影响?为什么采用上关节囊重建能有效恢复肩关节上方稳定性,并且缓解巨大肩袖撕裂导致的肩关节假性麻痹[5]?静力和动力稳定机制在维持肩关节运动平衡中起着重要作用,但两者之间存在何种具体联系?

为了回答上述问题,本课题组广泛查阅近年来有关肩关节不稳和功能障碍的临床文献,最后提出了“肩关节稳定机制再平衡理论”以解释上述现象。该理论有助于进一步认识肩关节不稳和运动功能障碍的发生、发展以及治疗后的转归,并用于指导临床上肩关节不稳或运动功能障碍等涉及肩关节稳定机制疾患的治疗。

1. 肩关节稳定机制和再平衡理论

肩关节包括盂肱关节、肩锁关节、肩胛胸壁关节和胸锁关节,是全身活动度最大的关节,也是最容易发生不稳的关节。肩关节静力稳定机制包括肩胛盂、肱骨头以及盂唇、关节囊、盂肱韧带等结构;动力稳定机制包括冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌、肩胛下肌等肩胛周围肌肉[6-7]。当肩关节静力或动力稳定机制受损时,肱骨头相对于肩胛盂发生超出正常生理范围的异常活动,出现肩关节疼痛不适和力量减弱等肩关节不稳症状[8],甚至肩关节脱位[9-12]。相反,当肩关节静力稳定机制病理性过度增强时,如创伤、糖尿病、甲状腺疾病等内分泌疾病引起的关节囊挛缩,会导致肩关节出现不同程度活动受限。

在肩关节整个运动周期中,肩关节动力稳定机制是指在肩袖环抱以及肩部周围肌肉共同作用下,肱骨头中心和肩胛盂中心始终处于共轴状态[2]。巨大肩袖损伤或肩胛下肌受损,导致肱骨头中心与肩胛盂中心不能共轴,从而出现肩关节不稳[13]。肩胛周围肌肉组织也可以通过调整肩胛盂相对于肱骨头的位置,协同维持肩关节稳定性[7]。另外,运动过程中肩关节本体感觉感受器将关节稳定性信息反馈给中枢神经系统,中枢神经系统将信号传导至静力和动力稳定机制效应器,从而维持肩关节稳定和运动功能[14]

盂肱关节骨性结构和盂唇-关节囊复合体是肩关节主要静力稳定装置,在维持肩关节静态稳定中起着决定性作用[15-16]。盂肱关节球凹骨性结构是肩关节稳定的基础,另外盂唇通过增加肩胛盂窝深度来抵抗肱骨头过度移位[8-9]。生理情况下,盂唇-关节囊复合体和肩关节动力稳定机制协同作用,使肱骨头中心始终与肩胛盂中心处于共轴状态[17],特别是在肩胛骨倾斜角增大时,上关节囊通过对抗肱骨头过度上移来稳定肩关节。肩关节外展时上关节囊逐渐松弛,下关节囊则处于紧缩状态[18]。Kikuchi等[19]发现后关节囊收缩力最大,上关节囊收缩力最小。但是如果上关节囊和肩袖同时损伤,则会出现肩关节上方失稳现象[20]。此外,肩关节囊还通过维持肩关节内部负压状态,起到维持盂肱关节稳定的作用[9]。在肩胛盂和肱骨头骨性结构完整情况下,肩关节囊前下方及盂肱下韧带前束的主要功能是避免肱骨头相对肩胛盂过度前移[21];而肩关节囊后方及盂肱下韧带后束的主要功能是避免肱骨头过度后移[18];肩关节下方稳定主要由肩袖间隙复合体提供,包括盂肱上韧带、肩袖间隙关节囊、喙肱韧带以及下盂肱韧带复合体[21-22]。当肩关节囊过度松弛时,盂肱关节更易出现不稳或脱位[10, 23-24]

本课题组前期通过处理肩关节静力稳定结构治疗关节不稳,例如加强前方关节囊治疗盂唇撕裂合并肩关节囊松弛导致的肩关节不稳[10],重建上关节囊治疗不可修复巨大肩袖损伤导致的肩关节上方不稳[5],以及通过关节囊松解减弱静力稳定性来治疗冻结肩以及创伤性肩关节功能障碍[3-4],均取得了较好疗效。在此基础上,本课题组广泛查阅近年来与肩关节不稳和运动功能障碍相关的临床研究文献,分析总结了肩关节静力和动力稳定机制之间的影响,提出了肩关节稳定机制再平衡理论,即当肩关节稳定机制破坏后,可以通过静力稳定机制和动力稳定机制再平衡来实现重建。在肩关节动力稳定失去平衡时,可通过加强动力稳定机制和/或静力稳定机制组织来实现肩关节动力性稳定的恢复;在肩关节静力稳定失去平衡时,可通过肩关节静力稳定机制相关软组织和骨结构的再平衡来恢复肩关节静力性稳定。

2. 动力稳定机制中各组织之间的再平衡

肩袖损伤或三角肌损伤等肩关节单一动态稳定机制组织被破坏后,可以通过康复治疗来改善肩关节不稳症状[25],主要包括姿势教育、本体感觉、柔韧性和肌肉训练共4项内容[10]。Watson等[26]为肩关节多向不稳患者创建了一个6阶段康复训练项目,该项目更注重改善肩胛骨运动对盂肱关节不稳的补偿。对于非创伤性肩关节多向不稳,严格的康复治疗也能起到良好效果[10, 27-29]。然而,长期随访研究发现,对于年轻患者,尤其是运动需求较高的运动员,康复治疗并不能达到预期疗效,仍需要手术治疗[29-30]。对于肩袖撕裂,合理康复治疗的早期疗效与手术修复一样[31],即使是巨大肩袖损伤,通过康复锻炼增强三角肌收缩肌力,也能改善肩关节功能[32-33]。由此可见,肩关节不稳的康复治疗实际上是通过加强肩关节周围肌肉力量来实现力偶平衡,即通过加强损伤组织以外的其他组织功能来部分恢复肩关节稳定性。

不可修复的巨大冈上肌和冈下肌损伤直接破坏了肩关节动力稳定机制,并导致肩关节上方不稳,即肩关节运动时肱骨头过度上移,与肩峰下表面发生撞击,同时肱骨头中心与肩胛盂中心不能在冠状面上共轴。Kim等[34]发现巨大肩袖撕裂仅部分修复后,35%患者术后早期出现了肩胛下肌部分撕裂,术后5年肩胛下肌脂肪化与修复术前相比更严重、临床功能更差,提示巨大肩袖撕裂导致肩关节上方不稳后,肩胛下肌承受更多负荷,即肩胛下肌部分再平衡了冈上肌撕裂导致的失稳。巨大冈上肌撕裂合并肩胛下肌损伤的临床对照研究显示,与肩胛下肌未修复患者相比,肩胛下肌修复患者术后有更好的临床功能、肩关节活动度和疼痛评分,说明肩胛下肌修复能进一步恢复肩关节动力稳定机制[35]。另外,临床采用背阔肌和胸大肌转位治疗巨大肩袖损伤[36]以及利用肱二头肌长头肌腱加强盂唇治疗肩关节前向脱位,均获得了较好疗效[37]。因此,通过加强动力稳定机制不同组织可以治疗单一动力稳定机制组织损伤。

3. 静力稳定机制中各组织之间的再平衡

肩胛盂唇以及关节囊等肩关节静力稳定机制结构损伤后,将出现不同程度肩关节不稳[8-9]。肩关节复发性前脱位是肩关节前向不稳的极端情况,增加了静力/动力稳定机制中其他解剖结构损伤风险[10]。此类患者康复治疗效果不佳时可行手术治疗[38],包括下方关节囊移位术、关节囊折叠术、肩袖间隔封闭术、喙肱韧带重建术等软组织修复术式,改良Bristow-Latarjet术等骨性结构加强术,以及骨性结构和软组织结构联合术式等[39-40]。这些手术方式实质上是通过加强肩关节静力稳定机制中不同软组织结构来治疗肩关节不稳。

关节囊和盂唇是静力稳定机制中重要组成部分,在维持肩关节静力稳定中起着协同作用。创伤导致肩关节脱位同时,也会导致肩胛盂唇或关节囊损伤。关节镜下盂唇修复是目前肩关节复发性前脱位最常见修复方式,可获得明显临床改善[17, 20],然而术后脱位复发率达18.8%~22%[6, 11, 23]。有学者认为对于肩关节复发性前脱位只需解剖修复盂唇,不需要联合关节囊紧缩缝合或关闭肩袖间隔[25, 41]。然而,基于尸体标本的生物力学研究显示单独盂唇撕裂不能导致肩关节不稳[26],这提示除盂唇外的其他静力稳定组织也发挥了作用。不管是关节镜下还是开放的下方关节囊移位术,旨在通过向上方提拉下方关节囊,减少关节囊内容积,从而起到加强肩关节前方静力稳定的作用[12, 24, 38]。Miller等[42]认为肱骨侧关节囊移位较肩胛盂侧更能起到减少关节囊内容积的效果,这说明关节囊在肩关节静力稳定机制中与盂唇起着协同作用。

盂唇关节囊复合体在肩关节静力机制再平衡中起着重要作用。理论上,解剖修复盂唇的同时紧缩肩关节前方和下方关节囊可以起到增高盂唇的效果[25]。生物力学测试结果也显示,将盂唇关节囊复合体作为一个整体进行修复比单纯修复关节囊具有更好的生物力学稳定效果[27]。关节镜下盂唇关节囊韧带复合体折叠缝合术能有效避免术后肩关节前脱位的复发[43-44],5~10 mm折叠缝合可使关节囊容积减少16%~34%[10]。但是,如果前方关节囊容积减少过多也容易导致肩关节术后外旋活动受限。多项研究比较了关节镜下和开放关节囊折叠术,发现两者的再脱位发生率相似,差异无统计学意义[24, 38]。但关节镜下手术患者运动功能受限程度明显好于开放手术,这些患者的运动功能受限主要表现在外旋功能[45]。上述研究结果提示修复静力稳定组织时需达精确平衡,过度加强会导致肩关节活动受限,静力稳定机制在肩关节运动平衡中起着重要作用。

4. 动力稳定机制和静力稳定机制间的再平衡

无论何种原因导致的肩关节静力或动力稳定机制减弱,均会发生肩关节不稳[46];相反,因为各种原因导致的静力或动力稳定机制病理性增强,也会导致肩关节活动受限[47-49]。理论上,通过增强或减弱静力/动力稳定机制,使两种机制之间实现再平衡,可以治疗静力或动力稳定机制平衡破坏导致的临床疾患。

上关节囊重建是指使用自体/同种异体肌腱或人工肌腱移植物,在肱骨头肩袖足迹和肩胛盂上方重建上关节囊,治疗巨大肩袖损伤导致的肩关节上方不稳[39, 50-51]。上关节囊重建治疗巨大肩袖缺损导致的肩关节假性麻痹和肩胛下肌功能不全均获得了较好疗效[52]。正常肩关节运动功能是通过肩袖肌腱将肩袖肌肉收缩产生的力量传导至肱骨头,然后完成相应运动;虽然上关节囊重建并没有恢复肩袖传导力量的动力功能,但是其通过恢复上关节囊的静力稳定功能,在一定意义上弥补了动力稳定机制受损导致的不稳,从而实现了肩关节稳定机制的再平衡。另外,Remplissage术通过固定加强肩关节后方关节囊和冈上肌腱治疗Hill-Sach损伤导致的肩关节前脱位高风险患者,取得了较好的临床疗效[53-54]。综上,通过加强肩关节静力稳定机制和动力稳定机制其中一方,就可以部分恢复另一方破坏导致的失稳。

5. 肩关节稳定机制再平衡理论临床应用

5.1. 指导肩关节活动受限和多向不稳的治疗

创伤性肩关节功能障碍和冻结肩是临床最常见的肩关节运动功能障碍,两者病因不同,但是均表现为关节囊增厚挛缩和肩峰下滑囊粘连[48],即肩关节静力稳定机制过度增强,所以经关节囊松解和恢复肩峰下间隙能明显恢复肩关节活动能力[3, 55]。关节囊松解治疗肩关节运动功能障碍减弱了静力稳定,从而实现肩关节稳定机制再平衡。先天性结缔组织疾病[7, 56-57]和后天性肩关节囊松弛[12, 24, 58]患者合并肩关节复发性前脱位,因为关节囊过度松弛,常规Bankart损伤修复术后再脱位率较高[58]。对于合并全身多关节松弛的肩关节前向不稳患者采用垂直褥式缝合关节囊,能取得较好中期疗效[2]。Raynor等[59]认为关节镜下关节囊紧缩缝合治疗肩关节多向不稳需要同时闭合肩袖间隙。Gervasi等[60]认为仅通过关节囊移位或折叠并未彻底解决关节囊松弛状态,关节囊会再次松弛导致关节不稳,所以需采用猪皮肤来源补片加强肩胛盂唇,增加肩胛盂深度。Aman等[61]采用了同种异体半腱肌腱重建喙肱韧带治疗复发性肩关节多向不稳合并Ehlers-Danlos综合征患者。这些临床研究都是通过不同方式加强静力稳定机制来治疗肩关节不稳,并且均获得较好疗效。总而言之,通过增强或减弱静力稳定机制实现肩关节静力稳定的再平衡,能改善肩关节活动不稳或受限的临床症状。

5.2. 指导肩关节不稳治疗方案的选择

肩胛盂扭转角与肩关节不稳间有不可忽视的关系[19, 62]。多关节松弛症患者肩胛盂后倾角增大以及肩胛盂后下部位扁平化[23],此骨性结构异常是肩关节不稳的重要因素,Bristow-Latarjet术、髂骨移植等骨性手术通过增加肩胛盂面积来恢复肩关节异常骨性结构,治疗肩关节复发性前脱位[25, 63-65]。增加肩胛盂前方骨性结构联合关节囊折叠,可治疗肩关节多向不稳或首次软组织手术失败患者[43]。这些研究说明通过增加肩胛盂骨性结构可以有效对抗关节囊松弛导致的不稳,从而实现肩关节运动时稳定的再平衡。然而,Nakagawa等[66]发现Bankart损伤修复手术后,肩胛盂骨性缺损较大(≥13.5%关节盂直径)患者再脱位风险明显大于缺损较小患者。另外,针对<20%关节盂直径的肩胛盂骨性缺损,关节镜下Latarjet术后再脱位复发率相比常规Bankart损伤修复也没有显著优势[67]。这充分说明盂唇关节囊复合体这一静力稳定机制结构的恢复,可在一定程度上平衡骨性结构缺损导致的不稳。

6. 小结

肩关节稳定机制再平衡理论整体、动态地反映了动力、静力稳定机制中各组织之间,以及动力、静力稳定机制之间的协同作用。该理论对于不同原因引起的肩关节不稳和活动受限的手术方案制定以及治疗,均可以起到指导作用。但是肩关节稳定机制再平衡理论存在以下不足:① 肩关节内部本体感觉及神经肌肉控制系统在肩关节稳定性中起着十分重要作用[9, 14, 46],然而这方面的研究较少,同时很难量化和临床验证,导致不能纳入到目前的理论中;② 该理论只是证实了动力、静力稳定机制之间以及动力、静力稳定机制中各组织之间,可以通过动态平衡实现肩关节稳定机制的再平衡,但具体生物力学补偿机制等有待进一步深入研究。

利益冲突 所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点及其报道

作者贡献声明 靳宝雍、李焱收集文献,撰写初稿;李焱、马林参与肩关节不稳和活动受限的系列手术;周兵华、唐康来完成理论构思;周兵华完成稿件修改

Funding Statement

重庆英才创新领军人才项目(CQYC20200303135);陆军军医大学第一附属医院军事临床技术创新能力项目

Chongqing Yingcai Projects for Creative Leading Talents (CQYC20200303135); Military Clinical Technology Innovation Ability Funding Project of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University

Contributor Information

兵华 周 (Binghua ZHOU), Email: yijian510868@hotmail.com.

康来 唐 (Kanglai TANG), Email: tangkanglai@hotmail.com.

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