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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Mar;36(3):268–273. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202109034

应用计算机辅助技术关节镜下治疗原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬的疗效分析

Effectiveness analysis of computer-aided technology in the treatment of primary elbow osteoarthritis combined with stiffness under arthroscopy

Wenzhi BI 1, Biao GUO 1,*, Jian XU 1, Honglin CUI 1, Wei MA 1, Dongqiang YANG 1, Pengfei FU 1, Yijun LIU 1, Jinxiang TIAN 1
PMCID: PMC8923938  PMID: 35293165

Abstract

Objective

To explore the effectiveness of computer-aided technology in the treatment of primary elbow osteoarthritis combined with stiffness under arthroscopy.

Methods

The clinical data of 32 patients with primary elbow osteoarthritis combined with stiffness between June 2018 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 22 males and 10 females with an average age of 53.4 years (range, 31-71 years). X-ray film and three-dimensional CT examinations showed osteophytes of varying degrees in the elbow joint. Loose bodies existed in 16 cases, and there were 7 cases combined with ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome. The median symptom duration was 2.5 years (range, 3 months to 22.5 years). The location of bone impingement from 0° extension to 140° flexion of the elbow joint was simulated by computer-aided technology before operation and a three-dimensional printed model was used to visualize the amount and scope of impinging osteophytes removal from the anterior and posterior elbow joint to accurately guide the operation. Meanwhile, the effect of elbow joint release and impinging osteophytes removal was examined visually under arthroscopy. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), and elbow range of motion (extension, flexion, extension and flexion) were compared between before and after operation to evaluate elbow function.

Results

The mean operation time was 108 minutes (range, 50-160 minutes). All 32 patients were followed up 9-18 months with an average of 12.5 months. There was no other complication such as infection, nervous system injury, joint cavity effusion, and heterotopic ossification, except 2 cases with postoperative joint contracture at 3 weeks after operation due to the failure to persist in regular functional exercises. Loose bodies of elbow and impinging osteophytes were removed completely for all patients, and functional recovery was satisfactory. At last follow-up, VAS score, MEPS score, extension, flexion, flexion and extension range of motion significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Arthroscopic treatment of primary elbow osteoarthritis combined with stiffness using computer-aided technology can significantly reduce pain, achieve satisfactory functional recovery and reliable effectiveness.

Keywords: Computer-aided technology, three-dimensional printing, elbow arthroscopy, primary osteoarthritis, stiffness


原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬发病率约为2%,在长期负荷重的特殊职业(如厨师、泥瓦匠、投掷运动员等)中发病率高达33%[1-2]。其主要临床症状为肘关节屈伸受限,不同程度的运动弧终末点疼痛,严重者无法满足进食、穿衣等基本需求,严重降低患者生活质量[3]。随着肘关节镜技术的发展,关节镜下行撞击骨赘去除、游离体取出、关节囊松解术治疗原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬,可使活动度明显改善、疼痛显著减轻、并发症少、快速重返运动,已成为主流治疗手段[4-7]。其中,彻底去除撞击骨赘是保证疗效的关键,但存在一定难度,完善对撞击骨赘的术前评估可以一定程度上降低难度[8]。然而,目前尚缺乏关于术前精确评估肘关节撞击骨赘位置及范围并指导关节镜术中处理的研究,外科医生往往无法全镜下精准、高效地彻底清除撞击骨赘,从而达到满意手术效果。2018年6月—2020年12月,我院利用计算机辅助技术完善术前撞击骨赘位置及范围评估,指导关节镜下32例原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬患者的治疗,获得良好临床疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

本组男22例,女10例;年龄31~71岁,平均53.4岁。均为单侧肘手术治疗,其中左侧3例,右侧29例;优势侧28例,非优势侧4例。患肘均无创伤史,临床症状以活动范围减少、屈伸受限为主,伴有屈伸终末点疼痛,已无法满足正常工作、生活等活动需求。X线片及三维CT检查示肘关节内均有不同程度骨赘增生,16例存在游离体,7例合并尺神经卡压综合征,两症状同时出现4例。症状持续时间3个月~22.5年,中位时间2.5年,其中17例症状持续时间≥3年。

1.2. 治疗方法

1.2.1. 计算机辅助技术

将术前三维CT图像数据导入Mimics19.0软件,通过软件模拟肘关节伸直0° 位至屈曲140° 位,确定撞击骨赘的位置及范围,同时制作3D打印模型显示撞击骨赘位置及范围,为肘关节镜手术提供术中指导。见图1

图 1.

Preoperative evaluation

术前评估

a~d. Mimics19.0软件模拟肘关节伸直0° 位和屈曲140° 位撞击骨赘位置及范围(红色);e、f. 3D打印模型显示撞击骨赘位置及范围(红色)

a-d. The Mimics19.0 software simulated the position and range of the impinging osteophytes (the red area) between 0° extension and 140° flexion of elbow joint; e, f. The three-dimensional bone model showed the position and range of impinging osteophytes (the red area)

图 1

1.2.2. 手术方法

所有肘关节镜手术均由同一名医师主刀完成。患者于全身麻醉下取侧卧位,骨盆垫固定躯干,肩关节前屈90°,上臂由一自制肘关节镜手术架平托,肘关节自然屈曲下垂。术前常规体表标记肱骨内外髁、尺骨鹰嘴、桡骨头,并标记肘关节关节镜入路:前方入路为肘前内上入路、外侧入路、外上拉钩入路,后方入路为肘后正中入路、后外侧入路、后内侧拉钩入路;使用上臂无菌止血带。合并尺神经卡压症状者需先行尺神经松解术。

建立前方入路,清理滑膜,松解关节囊及冠状突前方肘肌,根据3D打印模型,重点去除前方撞击骨赘,解除屈曲受限。具体步骤:经软点注入20 mL生理盐水充盈肘关节腔,建立前内上入路并置入关节镜,关节镜直视下建立外侧入路和外上拉钩入路;清理前方关节腔滑膜及游离体,充分松解上下关节囊、肘肌,骨刀、磨钻去除肱骨小头、冠状突窝外侧及冠状突尖撞击骨赘;交换关节镜头至前外侧入路(前内侧入路使用工作通道套管),射频、刨刀松解内侧关节囊、肘肌,骨刀、刨刀去除冠状突窝及冠状突内侧撞击骨赘;检查肘关节可屈曲至130°~150°,较术前改善明显。

前方清理结束后,建立后方入路,清理肘后关节腔滑膜及游离体,去除撞击骨赘,解除伸直受限。具体步骤:建立后正中、后外侧入路,经后正中入路置入关节镜,清理后方关节腔滑膜及游离体;直视下建立后内侧拉钩入路,去除鹰嘴尖、肱骨后外髁撞击骨赘;交换关节镜头至后外侧入路,去除鹰嘴窝撞击骨赘,拉钩进入尺神经沟保护尺神经,去除尺骨后内侧髁、鹰嘴内侧撞击骨赘;再次交换关节镜头至后正中入路,经肱骨后外侧入路打开后外侧髁和鹰嘴外侧间隙,置入交换棒,将镜头置入该间隙,可直视肘关节后外侧(桡骨头);建立肱骨后外侧入路,清理后外侧关节腔滑膜及游离体,去除肱骨后外侧髁、桡骨头、尺骨外侧部分撞击骨赘;检查肘关节可伸直至0°~10°,较术前改善明显。见图2。放置引流管,缝合切口,包扎切口后石膏托固定肘关节于最大伸直位。

图 2.

Surgical procedure

手术过程

a. 关节镜下直视确定冠状突尖撞击骨赘;b. 关节镜下去除肱骨小头撞击骨赘;c、d. 肘关节屈曲功能改善满意;e. 关节镜下去除鹰嘴窝撞击骨赘;f. 关节镜下拉钩保护尺神经,清理周围撞击骨赘;g、h. 肘关节伸直功能改善满意

a. Determined the impinging osteophytes in coronal apex visually under arthroscopy; b. Removed the impinging osteophytes in the humeral head under arthroscopy; c, d. Elbow flexion function improved satisfactorily; e. Removed the impinging osteophytes in the olecranon fossa under arthroscopy; f. Protected the ulnar nerve with pull-hook, removed the impinging osteophytes around under arthroscopy; g, h. Elbow extension function improved satisfactorily

图 2

1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后冰敷24~48 h;24 h后换药,同时行最大限度被动屈伸肘关节锻炼1次,再以石膏托固定;48 h拔除引流管,白天去除石膏托主动屈伸锻炼肘关节,夜间继续石膏托固定,交替固定和锻炼维持1周。规律口服吲哚美辛3周以预防异位骨化。所有患者出院后1个月内在专业康复师指导下进行功能锻练,2次/周;之后在家坚持功能锻炼。

术后定期随访,记录术前及末次随访时肘关节疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Mayo肘关节评分(MEPS)及肘关节活动度(伸直、屈曲及屈伸)评价肘关节功能。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对t检验;检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

本组手术时间50~160 min,平均108 min。32例患者均获随访,随访时间9~18个月,平均12.5个月。2例因未坚持正规功能锻炼,术后3周发生关节挛缩,于康复师指导锻炼4周后屈伸功能恢复满意。患者均未发生感染、神经系统损伤、关节腔积液、异位骨化等并发症。所有患者肘关节游离体及撞击骨赘去除彻底,功能恢复满意。末次随访时,VAS评分、MEPS评分及肘关节伸直、屈曲、屈伸活动度均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1图3

表 1.

Comparison of elbow function indexes before and after operation (n=32, Inline graphic )

患者手术前后肘关节功能观察指标比较(n=32, Inline graphic

时间
Time
VAS评分
VAS score
MEPS评分
MEPS score
肘关节活动度(°)
Elbow range of motion (°)
伸直
Extension
屈曲
Flexion
屈伸
Flexion and extension
术前
Preoperative
5.7±0.9 55.6±9.7 −28.9±12.4 93.7±10.1 64.8±15.8
末次随访
Last follow-up
0.8±0.8 90.9±10.1 −7.2±4.5 125.8±6.7 118.6±8.7
统计值
Statistic
t=33.206
P<0.001
t=−18.292
P<0.001
t=−14.350
P<0.001
t=−21.239
P<0.001
t=−27.774
P<0.001

图 3.

A 58-year-old male patient with right elbow osteoarthritis combined with stiffness for 10 years

患者,男,58岁,右肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬10年

a~c. 术前X线片、CT及模拟图示肘关节周围骨赘增生,关节内见游离体;d、e. 术前肘关节屈伸功能受限;f~h. 术后12个月X线片、CT及模拟图示肘关节内无骨赘及游离体;i、j. 术后12个月肘关节屈伸功能恢复满意

a-c. Preoperative X-ray film, CT scan, and simulation diagram showed that there were osteophytes around the elbow and loose bodies in elbow joint cavity; d, e. Preoperative general image showed limited elbow flexion and extension function; f-h. Postoperative X-ray film, CT scan, and simulation diagram at 12 months showed there was no osteophytes or loose bodies in the elbow; i, j. Postoperative general image at 12 months showed elbow flexion and extension function recovered satisfactorily

图 3

3. 讨论

3.1. 原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬发病机制及病理学

原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬是临床常见疾病,其主要发病机制为:肘关节长期过度负荷,肱尺关节、尺桡关节之间产生骨性撞击,导致软骨剥脱,形成增生骨赘,随着病情进展会严重限制肘关节活动[9]。Lim等[10]发现原发性肘关节骨关节炎撞击骨赘主要发生在前冠状突(95%)、肱尺关节内侧(86%),而后肱桡骨间室发生率低(27%);Dalal等[11]发现肘关节撞击骨赘主要发生在尺骨鹰嘴与鹰嘴窝之间。我们发现原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬患者临床症状以屈伸受限为主,极少数伴旋转受限,这与Lim等和Dalal等的研究结果相符。

3.2. 原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬关节镜下治疗现状

原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬因病情进展不可逆性,一般保守治疗仅能缓解疼痛症状。Kwak等[12]和Guerrero等[13]研究表明,开放手术和关节镜松解对肘关节原发性骨关节炎伴僵硬的疗效显著,但考虑到肘关节镜松解出血少、视野清晰,并发症发生率(5%)明显低于开放手术(23%)[14-15],且关节镜手术损伤小、疼痛轻,有利于肘关节早期功能锻炼等[16],越来越多外科医生更倾向于采用关节镜松解治疗原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬。

然而,肘关节是组成复杂的铰链式关节,结构不规则,关节腔隙狭窄,关节镜下手术不仅要求术者具有良好的手术技能,同时需要术者对患者进行充分的术前评估[17]。目前术前评估通常基于正侧位X线片和三维CT明确肘关节骨赘形成部位,但这些信息均为静态信息,并不能反映肘关节动态活动下骨性撞击和软组织挛缩情况,且对肘关节骨赘撞击部位的评估有限,不利于术前明确术中需要移除骨赘的体积和位置。事实上,术中肘关节活动度不满意时,术者无法在可靠信息指导下选择是继续清除撞击部位周围骨质,还是对软组织进行松解,导致操作有一定盲目性,达不到关节镜技术精准化、微创化的要求。

当前,国内尚缺乏关于指导肘关节镜下清理撞击骨赘范围的研究。本研究通过计算机辅助技术模拟了肘关节伸直0° 位至屈曲140° 位骨性撞击发生的位置,并利用3D打印模型显示肘关节前、后方撞击骨赘去除量及范围,从而精确指导手术,避免去除无效骨质,否则骨质去除过多会导致肘关节不稳发生[818]

3.3. 治疗经验及体会

本研究术中常规取出肘关节内游离体、充分松解挛缩关节囊和最大限度去除撞击骨赘后,肘关节可伸直至0°~10°、屈曲至130°~150°;患者末次随访时伸直活动度达(−7.2±4.5)°,屈曲活动度达(125.8±6.7)°,较术前显著提升。据此我们认为只需去除撞击骨赘,无需额外去除正常骨赘,即可使肘关节功能改善满意。

本研究患者症状持续时间≥3年者17例,其中合并游离体14例,合并尺神经卡压症状6例,两症状同时出现者4例;症状持续时间<3年者15例,其中合并游离体2例,合并尺神经卡压症状1例,无两症状同时出现者。可见症状持续时间越长,合并尺神经卡压和游离体发生的可能性越高。因此,我们建议原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬患者应早期治疗,在一定程度上可减少尺神经卡压和游离体的发生。

随访时除2例发生关节挛缩并发症(系未坚持正规功能锻炼所致)外,无感染、神经系统损伤、关节腔积液、异位骨化等并发症发生。值得注意的是,目前临床研究表明,神经系统损伤在肘关节镜术后发生率较高[19],其中尺神经损伤最常见[20-21]。本研究术中建立后内侧拉钩入路,拉钩进入尺神经沟保护尺神经,有效降低了去除尺神经周围撞击骨赘和松解软组织时损伤尺神经的风险。我们认为可以从以下方面降低肘关节镜并发症的发生率:操作严格无菌;熟练掌握肘关节镜技术;明确神经位置;建立精确的手术入路;前后方拉钩及工作套管的规范使用;尽量缩短手术时间;积极、规范的早期功能锻炼。关于术后康复值得注意的是,早期规范的功能锻炼是保证肘关节镜手术疗效的重要条件,过于保守不积极的锻炼易致关节再次挛缩,过度牵拉又易造成异位骨化和血肿[22]。我们建议在专业康复师指导下进行功能锻炼。

通过对本组患者的治疗,我们有以下体会:① 应用计算机辅助技术关节镜下治疗原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬,术前评估较为繁琐、要求较高。尤其影像学原始资料的采集、计算机辅助技术的应用、 3D打印模型的建立,必须做到个体化、精确化,这对确定术中撞击骨赘去除量及软组织松解程度起着重要作用,同时也决定着术后患者功能恢复满意程度。② 肘关节镜技术操作难度大、手术风险大,对于肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬,需要具备一定的关节镜技术才建议开展。③ 肘关节镜治疗原发性肘关节骨关节炎有着“全或无”的概念,术中只要有一个部位的撞击骨赘去除不彻底或软组织松解不到位,就不能满意改善活动范围,这需要术者掌握肘关节所有入路和技术要点并熟练操作。计算机辅助技术对术前的完善评估,可以缩短肘关节镜技术的阶梯学习曲线[23]

综上述,应用计算机辅助技术关节镜下治疗原发性肘关节骨关节炎伴僵硬,肘关节修复满意。计算机辅助技术术中不使用内固定耗材,术后允许早期功能锻炼,恢复较快。但本研究尚存在一些局限性,例如未设置对照组、纳入病例较少、随访时间较短等,需扩大病例数、延长随访时间进一步研究。

利益冲突 所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;课题经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经阜阳市人民医院医学伦理委员会批准(医伦理审查[2020]13号);患者及家属对本研究均知情同意并签署知情同意书

作者贡献声明 毕文智负责临床数据收集及统计分析,文章撰写及修改;郭标负责研究设计及实施,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;许健负责临床数据收集及统计分析;崔红林、马炜、杨东强、付鹏飞负责研究设计及实施;刘一军、田进翔负责临床数据收集

Funding Statement

蚌埠医学院自然科学类项目(BYKY2019229ZD)

Natural Science Project of Bengbu Medical College (BYKY2019229ZD)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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