Skip to main content
NCBI home page
ACS Omega logoLink to ACS Omega
. 2022 Mar 4;7(10):8767–8776. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06994

Nitrophenyl-Group-Containing Heterocycles. I. Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, Anticancer Activity, and Antioxidant Properties of Some New 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroisoquinolines Bearing 3(4)-Nitrophenyl Group

Eman M Sayed †, Reda Hassanien †, Nasser Farhan †, Hanan F Aly ‡, Khaled Mahmoud §, Shaaban K Mohamed ∥,⊥, Joel T Mague #, Etify A Bakhite 7,*
PMCID: PMC8928486  PMID: 35309417

Abstract

graphic file with name ao1c06994_0008.jpg

Regioselective cyclocondensation of 2,4-diacetyl-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(3-nitrophenyl/4-nitrophenyl)cyclohexanones 1a,b with cyanothioacetamide afforded the corresponding 7-acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3- and -4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrosoquinoline-3(2H)-thiones 2a,b. Reaction of compounds 2a,b with ethyl iodide, 2-chloroacetamide (4a), or its N-aryl derivatives 4b–e in the presence of sodium acetate trihydrate gave 3-ethylthio-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline 3 and (5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-ylthio)acetamides 5a–i, respectively. Cyclization of compounds 5b–d,f,g into their isomeric 1-amino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamides 6b–d,f,g was achieved by heating in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of sodium carbonate. Structures of all synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectroscopic data. The crystal structure of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline 5d was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the biological evaluation of some synthesized compounds as anticancer agents was performed, and only six compounds showed moderate to strong activity against PACA2 (pancreatic cancer cell line) and A549 (lung carcinoma cell line). Moreover, the antioxidant properties of most synthesized compounds were examined. The results revealed high antioxidant activity for the most tested compounds.

1. Introduction

The 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline ring system is a structural fragment of many alkaloids that are next to indole alkaloids in abundance.1−4 Compounds containing a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline fragment are used as intermediate products in the synthesis of alkaloids,5−7 precursors to enzyme inhibitors,8,9 fungicides,10,11 potassium receptor antagonists,12 and drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, bronchial asthma, tumors, and viral infections.4,13 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives have also been shown to exhibit anticonvulsant,14−16 antibacterial,17 neurotropic,18 and antimicrobial activities.19 On the other hand, many nitro-group-containing compounds are reported to possess versatile applications in the fields of biochemistry and medicine.20−23

In view of the above observations, the current work was planned to synthesize and characterize of some new 5,6,7,8-tetrahyroisoquinolines and related 6,7,8,9-tetrahyrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines bearing a 3-nitrophenyl or 4-nitrophenyl moiety with the hope that these new compounds will find good applications in both biological and medicinal fields owing to their incorporation of various pharmacophores. The crystal structure of 2-[(7-acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide (5d) was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the applications of the synthesized compounds as anticancer and/or as antioxidant agents have been carried out, and the obtained results are reported herein.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

Treatment of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 1a,b with cyanothioacetamide in refluxing ethanol in the presence of piperidine as a basic catalyst resulted in a regioselective cyclocondensation reaction affording the corresponding 7-acetyl-8-(3- and -4-nitrophenyl)-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3(2H)-thiones 2a,b in 93–96% yield (Scheme 1). The pathway of this reaction is similar to that reported before.24−27

Scheme 1. Synthesis of Compounds 2a,b, 3, 5a–i, and 6b–d,f,g.

Scheme 1

Open in a new tab

Reaction of compounds 2a,b with some halo compounds, namely ethyl iodide, 2-chloroacetamide (4a), or N-aryl-2-chloroacetamide (4b–e), in refluxing in ethanol in the presence of slightly excess molar amounts of sodium acetate trihydrate for 1 h gave 3-ethylthio-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline 3, (5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-ylthio)acetamides 5a,e, and N-aryl-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-ylthio)acetamides 5b–d,f–i, respectively (Scheme 1).

Cyclization of compounds 5b–d,f,g into the corresponding 7-acetyl-1-amino-N-aryl-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(3- and -4-nitrophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamides 6b–d,f,g was achieved by heating with catalytic amounts of anhydrous sodium carbonate in absolute ethanol for 3 h. Compounds 6b–d,f,g were also synthesized by heating compounds 2a,b with the respective N-aryl-2-chloroacetamides 4b–d in absolute ethanol in the presence of slightly excess molar amounts of sodium carbonate (Scheme 1). Conversion of 5b–d,f,g into the corresponding 6b–d,f,g may obey intramolecular Thorpe–Ziegler cyclization, whose mechanism is outlined before in our publication.28

2.2. Characterization

All newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectroscopic data (cf. Experimental Section). Thus, the IR spectra of 2a,b showed characteristic absorption bands in the regions 3482–3429 cm–1 for (O–H), 3235–3230 cm–1 for (NH), 2221–2220 cm–1 for (C≡N), and 1710–1708 cm–1 for (C=O, acetyl). 1H NMR spectra of 2a,b are in agreement with those of their analogues, which were reported previously.27 The IR spectrum of 3 revealed the disappearance of νNH, whereas its 1H NMR spectrum showed the presence of an ethyl group. The IR spectra of 5a,e showed absorption bands in the regions 3481–3355 cm–1 for (OH and NH2), 2222–2215 cm–1 for (C≡N), 1709–1701 cm–1 for (C=O, acetyl), and 1662–1660 cm–1 for (C=O, amide). The 1H NMR spectra of 5a,e showed the presence of a double doublet signal corresponding to an SCH2 group with a δ value around 3.85 and two singlet signals overlapped with those of aromatic protons corresponding to the CONH2 group.27 The IR spectra of 5b–d,f–i showed absorption bands in the regions 3563–3456 cm–1 for (OH), 3401–3289 cm–1 for (NH), 2221–2213 cm–1 for (C≡N), 1705–1683 cm–1 for (C=O, acetyl), and 1687–1666 cm–1 for (C=O, amide). The 1H NMR spectra of 5b–d,f–i showed the presence of a double doublet signal corresponding to the SCH2 group at a δ value around 4.00 and a singlet signal at a δ range from 10.12 to 10.57 equivalent to an NH group. IR spectra of 6b–d,f,g revealed the disappearance of the carbonitrile band and the presence of four absorption bands in the region 3517–3314 cm–1 characteristic for OH, NH2, and NH groups in addition to two other bands in the regions 1705–1698 and 1651–1624 cm–1 corresponding to an acetyl group and an amidic carbonyl group, respectively. 1H NMR spectra of 6b–d,f,g showed a singlet signal at δ values ranging from 9.33 to 9.56 for the NH group and a broad singlet signal for the amino group at δ value ranging from 7.05 to 7.13 instead of the signal of the SCH2 group, which exists in the 1H NMR spectra of 5b–d,f,g. The presence of a tertiary alcoholic group in all compounds was ascertained from their 1H NMR spectra which possess a singlet signal at δ values ranging from 4.84 to 5.05 for one proton of the OH group. The 1H NMR spectra of all compounds displayed characteristic signals at certain δ values tha tare equivalent to the protons of cyclohexene ring and in accordance with those reported before for their analogues.2713C NMR spectra of compounds 5a,c,d,f,h and 6b–d,f,g displayed characteristic peaks at certain δ values which are in agreement with their structures (cf. Experimental Section).

From a stereochemistry point of view, the structure of starting compounds 2a,b and all products generated thereof contains three consecutive stereogenic centers, and hence, four diastereoisomers are possible for each compound. Additionally the α-carbonyl stereogenic center is base-labile. From the single-crystal X-ray data of compound 5d in the current paper and those of other reported related compounds,24−26,29−34 it is apparent that the cis,trans–cis isomer crystallized: aryl, acetyl, and hydroxy are cis/trans/cis with a hydrogen bonding between acetyl and hydroxy. Only one diastereoisomer is isolated as a reaction product during the course of the current investigation and previously reported ones.24−26,29−34 All reactions of starting compounds 2a,b which take place far away form their three consecutive stereogenic centers resulted in no epimerization processes.24−26,29−34

2.3. Crystal Structure of 5d

The details of data collection, structure solution, and refinement are given in Table S1, while metrical parameters are listed in Tables S2 and S3. The molecule adopts an approximate chair conformation in which the tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety forms the seat, the 4-nitrophenyl and 4-chlorophenylacetamide substituents are the back legs, and the acetyl and hydroxyl groups are the front legs (Figure 1). The orientation of the acetyl group is determined by the intramolecular O2–H2···O1 hydrogen bond (Figure 1). The conformation of the tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety is such that the heterocyclic ring is not planar, and a puckering analysis35−38 of this ring gave the parameters Q = 0.0911(11) Å, θ = 82.6(7)°, and φ = 104.6(7)°. The analysis of the C2···C7 ring gave the parameters Q = 0.5289(12) Å, θ = 54.50(13)°, and φ = 161.49(16)°. The nitro group is essentially coplanar with the C11···C16 ring as indicated by the O4–N4–C15–C14 torsion angle of 179.27(14)°. In the crystal, the c-glide plane generates chains of molecules parallel to the c-axis direction through N3–H3···O3 hydrogen bonds (Table S3) which are linked in pairs through C21–H21B···O2 hydrogen bonds (Figure 2). The double chains are connected by C27–H27···O4 hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to the ac plane (Figure 3).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Perspective view of 5d with labeling scheme and 50% probability ellipsoids. The intramolecular O2–H2···O1 hydrogen bond is depicted by a dashed line.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Portion of one double chain in 5d viewed along the b-axis direction with N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds depicted, respectively, by violet and black dashed lines. Noninteracting hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Packing of 5d viewed along the b-axis direction with N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds depicted, respectively, by violet and black dashed lines. Noninteracting hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.

2.4. Cytotoxic Activity

The cytotoxic activity of compounds 2a, 3, and 5a–d,g,h,I against PACA2 (pancreatic cancer cell line) and that of compounds 5e–g, 6b,d,f,g against A549 (lung carcinoma cell line) has been evaluated in vitro at different concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 100 μM using the MTT assay method. In this work, doxorubicin was used as a positive control drug for comparison purposes with the drug candidates 2a, 3, 5a,c–i, and 6b,d,f,g under the same experimental conditions. Different concentrations of these compounds were tested to reach the concentration which could cause death for 50% of the cancer cells; the IC50 value and the IC50 range of each compound was estimated, and the relation between log concentration and the probit were plot as given in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Cytotoxic activity of different concentrations of compounds 3, 5c, 5h, and 5i against PACA2.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

Cytotoxic activity of different concentrations of compounds 6b, 6d, and 6g against A549.

The results obtained (Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 4 and 5) revealed that among all tested compounds (i) four compounds, 3, 5c, 5h, and 5i, showed mild to strong cytotoxic activity against PACA2 (pancreatic cancer cell line) with IC50 of 53.5, 60.1, 25.9, and 73.4 μM, respectively, (ii) only three compounds 6b, 6d, and 6g which showed considerable cytotoxic activity against A549 (lung carcinoma cell line) with IC50 of 34.9, 57.6, and 46.3 μM, respectively, (iii) compounds 5h and 6b were more active than doxorubicin against PACA2 and A549, respectively; (iv) the cytotoxic activity against PACA2 (pancreatic cancer cell line) obeys the order 5h > 3 > 5c > 5i, (v) the cytotoxic activity against A549 (lung carcinoma cell line) obeys the order 6b > 6g > 6d, and (vi) rest of the tested compounds being inactive against the two cell lines under investigation.

Table 1. Cytotoxic Activity of Compounds 3 and 5c,h,I against PACA2 (Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line) at a Concentration of 100 μM and Their IC50 Values.

  95% confidence limits for conc
 95% confidence limits for log (conc)
compd no. estimated IC50(μM) lower bound upper bound log conc (μM) at probability 0.5 lower bound upper bound
3 53.5 48.349 59.677 1.728 1.684 1.776
5c 60.1 43.310 96.761 1.779 1.637 1.986
5h 25.9 21.724 31.121 1.414 1.337 1.493
5i 73.4 62.900 88.630 1.865 1.799 1.948
doxorubicin 69.2 56.800 88.300 1.840 1.750 1.940
Open in a new tab

Table 2. Cytotoxic Activity of Compounds 6b, 6d, and 6g against A549 (Lung Carcinoma Cell Line) at a Concentration of 100 μM and Their IC50values.

  95% confidence limits for conc
 95% confidence limits for log (conc)
compd no. estimate IC50(μM) lower bound upper bound log conc (μM) at probability 0.5 lower bound upper bound
6b 34.9 30.782 39.855 1.543 1.488 1.600
6d 57.6 49.404 69.055 1.761 1.694 1.839
6g 46.3 40.490 53.765 1.666 1.607 1.731
doxorubicin 54.8 41.600 77.100 1.730 1.610 1.880
Open in a new tab

2.5. Antioxidant Activity

Fourteen compounds were evaluated for DPPH scavenging activity as a measurement of their antioxidant activity. Data are represented by mean ± SD of three replicates. DPPH scavenging activity is represented as percent Table 3 declared a variable percentage of inhibition of DPPH scavenging activity of the tested compounds in a dose-dependent relationship compared with ascorbic acid as a standard. The highest dose of synthesized compounds that is 0.10 μg/mL represents the highest antioxidant activity of all compounds relative to ascorbic acid. The synthesized compounds 2a, 2b, 5a, and 6b showed the highest antioxidant activity at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL (dose-dependent manner). The DPPH-scavenging activity of the latter compounds at different concentrations compared with that of ascorbic acid obeys the order: ascorbic acid > 2b > 5a > 6b > 2a (Figure 6).

Table 3. DPPH Scavenging Activity of Isoqunioline Derivativesa.

compd. no. conc (μg/mL) mean ± SD (%) compd no. conc (μg/mL) mean ± SD (%)
2a 0.10 96.41 ± 0.44 5f 0.10 64.50 ± 0.58
2a 0.05 45.31 ± 0.73 5f 0.05 58.44 ± 0.73
2a 0.01 29.61 ± 0.29 5f 0.01 50.13 ± 0.58
2b 0.10 96.41 ± 0.15 5g 0.10 78.76 ± 0.73
2b 0.05 96.00 ± 0.15 5g 0.05 64.09 ± 0.58
2b 0.01 94.36 ± 0.15 5g 0.01 40.39 ± 0.73
3 0.10 66.24 ± 0.44 5h 0.10 61.21 ± 0.58
3 0.05 58.96 ± 0.58 5h 0.05 56.19 ± 0.44
3 0.01 48.49 ± 0.58 5h 0.01 53.31 ± 0.44
5a 0.10 95.38 ± 0.44 6b 0.10 92.20 ± 0.29
5a 0.05 95.49 ± 0.29 6b 0.05 91.07 ± 0.44
5a 0.01 89.02 ± 0.44 6b 0.01 63.68 ± 0.58
5c 0.10 73.63 ± 0.44 6f 0.10 64.50 ± 0.29
5c 0.05 56.29 ± 0.87 6f 0.05 47.88 ± 0.87
5c 0.01 40.80 ± 2.47 6f 0.01 39.46 ± 0.87
5d 0.10 63.78 ± 0.44 6g 0.10 68.50 ± 0.44
5d 0.05 44.49 ± 0.44 6g 0.05 61.11 ± 0.44
5d 0.01 41.62 ± 1.31 6g 0.01 51.88 ± 0.44
5e 0.10 83.79 ± 0.29 ascorbic acid 0.10 99.20 ± 4.22
5e 0.05 64.50 ± 0.87 ascorbic acid 0.05 66.70 ± 5.32
5e 0.01 45.11 ± 0.44 ascorbic acid 0.01 48.78 ± 2.22
Open in a new tab
a

Data are represented by Mean ± St.De (%) of 3 replicats. DPPH scavenging activity (%) = 100–[Absorbance of the test compound/Absorbance of the control] × 100. Statistical analysis is carried out using two way ANOVA coupled with CO-state computer program.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

Antioxident activity of compounds 2a, 2b, 5a, and 6b and ascorbic acid as a standard.

3. Conclusions

In this paper, we have successfully synthesized 7-acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3- and -4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrosoquinoline-3(2H)-thiones 2a,b in excellent yields via cyclocondensation reaction of 2,4-diacetyl-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(3- and -4-nitrophenyl)cyclohexanones 1a,b with cyanothioacetamide. Compounds 2a,b were used as starting materials for synthesizing two new series of isoquinoline derivatives; 3-substituted thio-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-4-carbonitriles 3 and 5a–i, and related 1-amino-N-aryl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamides 6b–d,f,g. Structures of all new compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectroscopic data. The crystal structure of compound 5d was determined by X–ray diffraction analysis. Some of the synthesized compounds showed good activity as anticancer agents, and most of them showed excellent activity as antioxidants.

4. Experimental Section

4.1. Instrumentation

Melting points were determined on a Gallan-Kamp apparatus and are uncorrected. The IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu 470 IR-spectrophotometer (KBr; νmax in cm–1). The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian A5 500 MHz spectrometer using DMSO-d6 (except for compounds 3 and 5a in CDCl3) as a solvent and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal reference. Coupling constants (J values) are given in hertz (Hz). The purity of the obtained products is checked by TLC.

4.2. Reaction of 2-Acetylcyclohexanones 1a,b with Cyanothioacetamide: Synthesis of Compounds 2a,b. General Method

A mixture of compound 1a,b (10 mmol), cyanothioacetamide (10 mmol), and piperidine (0.8 mL, 10 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) was refluxed for 2 h. The yellow crystals that formed were collected, washed with methanol, and dried in air to give compounds 2a,b. The purity of these products is 100% and needs no any purification.

4.2.1. 7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3(2H)-thione (2a)

Compound 2a was synthesized by reaction of 1a with cyanothioacetamide. Yield: 96%. Mp: 279–280 °C. IR: 3429 (O–H); 3235 (N–H); 3139 (C–H, sp2); 2971 (C–H, sp3); 2221 (C≡N); 1710 (C=O). 1H NMR: δ 13.68 (s, 1H, NH); 7.95–8.05 (m, 2H, ArH); 7.51–7.58 (m, 2H, ArH); 5.05 (s, 1H, OH); 4.61–4.63 (d, J = 10, 1H, C8H); 3.23–3.26 (d, J = 15, 1H, C5H), 2.88–2.90 (d, J = 10, 1H, C7H), 2.83–2.87 (d, J = 20, 1H, C5H); 2.12 (s, 3H, COCH3); 1.86 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.23 (s, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C20H19N3O4S (397.11): C, 60.44; H, 4.82; N, 10.57. Found: C, 60.67; H, 5.11; N, 10.28.

4.2.2. 7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3(2H)-thione (2b)

Compound 2b was synthesized by reaction of 1b with cyanothioacetamide. Yield: 93%. Mp: 290–291 °C. IR: 3482 (O–H); 3235 (NH); 3106 (C–H, sp2); 2971, 2872 (C–H, sp3); 2220 (C≡N); 1708 (C=O). 1H NMR: δ 13.83 (s, H, NH), 7.84–7.86 (d, J = 10, H, ArH); 7.62–7.64 (d, J = 10, H, ArH); 7.51–7.53 (d, J = 10, H, ArH); 7.33–7.34 (d, J = 5, H, Ar), 5.04 (s, 1H, OH); 4.97–4.99 (d, J = 10, 1H, C8H); 3.10–3.16 (dd, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.86–2.90 (d, J = 20, 1H, C5H); 2.02 (s, 3H, COCH3); 1.93 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.29 (s, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C20H19N3O4S (397.11): C, 60.44; H, 4.82; N, 10.57. Found: C, 60.32; H, 5.04; N, 10.33.

4.3. Reaction of Compounds 2a,b with Ethyl Iodide, 2-Chloroacetamide (4a), or Its N-Aryl-2-chloroacetamides 4b–e: Synthesis of Compounds 3 and 5a–j. General Method

A mixture of 2a,b (10 mmol), ethyl iodide, 2-chloroacetamide (4a), or N-aryl-2-chloroacetamides 4b–e (10 mmol) and sodium acetate trihydrate (1.50 g, 11 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) was refluxed for 1 h. The solid that formed after cooling was collected and then recrystallized from ethanol to give yellowish white crystals of compounds 3 and 5a–i.

4.3.1. 7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-3-ethylthio-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline (3)

Compound 3 was synthesized by reaction of 2b with ethyl iodide. Yield: 83%. Mp: 144–145 °C. IR: 3509 (O–H); 3098 (C–H, sp2); 2974, 2919 (C–H, sp3); 2213 (C≡N); 1698 (C=O), 1603(C = N). 1H NMR: δ 8.13–8.15 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH), 7.35–7.37 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH), 4.99 (s, 1H, OH), 4.75–4.78 (d, J = 15, 1H, C8H), 3.15–3.31 (m, 3H: C5H and SCH2), 2.87–2.95 (m, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.18 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.98 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.31 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.29 (t, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C22H23N3O4S (425.14): C, 62.10; H, 5.45; N, 9.88. Found: C, 62.37; H, 5.18; N, 10.01.

4.3.2. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]acetamide (5a)

Compound 5a was synthesized by reaction of 2a with 2-chloroacetamide (4a). Yield: 91%. Mp: 174–175 °C. IR: 3481, 3373 (O–H, NH2); 2991, 2930 (C–H, sp3); 2215 (C≡N); 1701 (C=O, acetyl); 1660 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 8.16–8.18 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.79 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.56–7.58 (d, 3H: NH and ArH), 7.10 (s, 1H, NH), 4.53–4.55 (d, J = 10, 1H, OH), 3.82- 3.97 (dd, J = 15, 2H: C8H and C5H), 3.02–3.21(m, 4H: SCH2 and C7H and C5H), 1.96 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.87 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.42 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 214.79, 175.43, 161.92, 160.11, 158.14, 149.66, 145.64, 134.84, 131.34, 129.23, 123.41, 122.78, 118.74, 116.47, 114.65, 106.45, 69.90, 64.12, 45.89, 42.55, 35.59, 33.60, 28.30, 25.83. Anal. Calcd for C22H22N4O5S (454.13): C, 58.14; H, 4.88; N, 12.33. Found: C, 58.00; H, 5.03; N, 11.98.

4.3.3. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-phenylacetamide (5b)

Compound 5b was synthesized by reaction of 2a with N-phenyl-2-chloroacetamide (4b).Yield: 93%. Mp: 191–192 °C. IR: 3467 (O–H); 3335 (N–H); 3063 (C–H, sp2); 2999, 2914 (C–H, sp3); 2214 (C≡N); 1702 (C=O, acetyl); 1687 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 10.25 (s, 1H, NH), 8.06–8.08 (d, J = 10, 1H, ArH), 7.94–7.95 (d, J = 5, 1H, ArH), 7.51–7.56 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.24–7.28 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.00–7.04 (m, 1H, ArH), 5.00 (s, 1H, OH), 4.76–4.79 (d, J = 15, 1H, C8H), 4.08–4.18 (dd, J = 15, 2H, SCH2), 3.45 (m, 1H, C5H), 2.93–2.97 (m, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.19 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.91 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.28 (s, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C28H26N4O5S (530.16): C, 63.38; H, 4.94; N, 10.56%. Found: C, 62.99; H, 5.12; N, 10.33%.

4.3.4. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-(4-tolyl)acetamide (5c)

Compound 5c was synthesized by reaction of 2a with N-(4-tolyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4c).Yield: 95%. Mp: 187–188 °C. IR: 3559 (O–H); 3317 (N–H); 3034 (C–H, sp2); 2973, 2924 (C–H, sp3); 2213 (C≡N); 1701 (C=O, acetyl); 1675 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 10.12 (s, 1H, NH), 8.06–8.08 (d, J = 10, 1H, ArH), 7.94–7.95 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.53–7.55 (m, 2H, Ar–H), 7.38–7.40 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH), 7.04–7.06 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH), 4.99 (s, 1H, OH), 4.76–4.78 (d, J = 10, 1H, C8H), 4.06–4.15 (dd, J = 15, 2H, SCH2), 2.89–3.32 (m, 3H: C7H and C5H2), 2.21 (s, 3H, CH3 of 4-tolyl residue), 2.17 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.99 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.28 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 208.74, 200.27, 181.20, 165.58, 160.36, 157.54, 150.02, 147.75, 145.84, 136.23, 134.97, 132.03, 130.00, 128.88, 122.54, 121.56, 118.87, 114.90, 103.87, 67.23, 65.74, 43.11, 42.28, 34.55, 30.84, 27.33, 24.51, 20.21. Anal. Calcd Anal. Calcd for C29H28N4O5S (544.18): C, 63.95; H, 5.18; N, 10.29. Found: C, 64.04; H, 4.92; N, 9.91.

4.3.5. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide (5d)

Compound 5d was synthesized by reaction of 2a with N-(chlorophenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4d). Yield: 84%. Mp: 205–206 °C. IR: 3536 (O–H); 3289 (N–H); 3074 (C–H, sp2); 2973, 2924 (C–H, sp3); 2216 (C≡N); 1694 (C=O, acetyl); 1666 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 10.37 (s, 1H, NH), 8.06 (d, 1H, ArH), 7.94 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.54–7.56 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.29–7.31 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH), 4.99 (s, 1H, OH), 4.76–4.78 (d, J = 10, 1H C8H), 4.14–4.17 (dd, 2H, SCH2), 3.30–3.32 (d, J = 10, 1H, C5H), 2.93–2.95 (m, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.17 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.89 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.28 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 204.15, 161.49, 155.77, 152.85, 145.47, 143.16, 141.23, 133.10, 130.38, 125.41, 123.93, 123.84, 122.10, 117.96, 116.97, 115.78, 110.30, 99.30, 62.66, 61.15, 38.53, 37.70, 30.01, 26.27, 22.75, 19.90. Anal. Calcd for C28H25ClN4O5S (564.12): C, 59.52; H, 4.46; N, 9.92. Found: C, 59.31; H, 4.50; N, 10.13.

4.3.6. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]acetamide (5e)

Compound 5e was synthesized by reaction of 2b with 2-chloroacetamide (4a).Yield: 88%. Mp: 178–179 °C. IR: 3466, 3355 (O–H, NH2); 2968, 2919 (C–H, sp3); 2222 (C≡N); 1709 (C=O, acetyl); 1662 (C=O, amide).1H NMR: δ 8.09–8.11 (d, J = 10.0, 2H, ArH), 7.54 (s, 1H, NH), 7.30–7.32 (dd, J = 5, 2H, ArH), 7.09 (s, 1H, NH), 5.00 (s, 1H, OH), 4.70–4.72 (d, J = 10.0, 1H, C8H), 3.81–3.89 (dd, J = 15, 2H, SCH2), 3.25–3.28 (d, J = 15, 1H, C5H), 2.88–2.90 (d, J = 10, 1H, C7H), 2.83–2.87 (d, J = 20, 1H, C5H), 2.23 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.91 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.24 (s, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C22H22N4O5S (454.13): C, 58.14; H, 4.88; N, 12.33. Found: C, 57.92; H, 4.59; N, 12.52.

4.3.7. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-phenylacetamide (5f)

Compound 5f was synthesized by reaction of 2b with N-phenyl-2-chloroacetamide (4b). Yield: 92%. Mp: 137–138 °C. IR: 3525 (O–H); 3322 (N–H); 3061 (C–H, sp2); 2994, 2935 (C–H, sp3); 2217 (C≡N); 1702 (C=O, acetyl); 1687 (C=O, amide).1H NMR: δ 10.21 (s, 1H, NH); 8.09–8.11 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.50–7.52 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.32–7.33 (d, J = 5, 2H, ArH); 7.23–7.24(d, J = 5, 2H, ArH); 6.98–7.01 (t, J = 5, 1H, ArH); 4.98 (s, 1H, OH); 4.73–4.75 (d, J = 10,1H, C8H); 4.08–4.16 (dd, 2H, SCH2); 3.28–3.30 (d, J = 10, 1H, C5H), 2.89–2.94 (m,, 2H: C7H and C5H); 2.16 (s, 3H, COCH3); 1.89 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.28 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 208.52, 166.01, 160.51, 157.73, 151.77, 150.03, 146.07, 138.89, 129.52, 128.67, 123.78, 123.26, 119.05, 115.01, 104.03, 78.72, 67.41, 65.71, 56.02, 42.70, 34.74, 31.07, 27.48, 24.50,18.50. Anal. Calcd for C28H26N4O5S (530.16): C, 63.38; H, 4.94; N, 10.56. Found: C, 62.99; H, 5.09; N, 10.53.

4.3.8. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-(4-tolyl)acetamide (5g)

Compound 5g was synthesized by reaction of 2b with N-(4-tolyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4c).Yield: 90%. Mp: 234–235 °C. IR: 3456 (O–H); 3297 (N–H); 3107 (C–H, sp2); 2970 (C–H, sp3); 2218 (C≡N); 1702 (C=O, acetyl); 1682 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 10.12 (s, 1H, NH), 8.07–8.09 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH), 7.28–7.36 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.01–7.04 (d, 2H, ArH), 4.99 (s, 1H, OH), 4.68–4.71 (d, 1H, C8H), 4.05–4.07(m, 2H, SCH2), 3.25–33.28(d, 1H, C5H), 2.86–2.88 (m, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.18 (s, 3H, CH3 of 4-tolyl residue), 2.13 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.24 (s, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C29H28N4O5S (544.62): C, 63.95; H, 5.18; N, 10.29. Found: C, 64.08; H, 4.91; N, 9.93.

4.3.9. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide (5h)

Compound 5h was synthesized by reaction of 2b with N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4d).Yield: 94%. Mp: 144–145 °C. IR: 3563 (O–H), 3344 (N–H); 3134 (C–H, sp2); 2971, 2937 (C–H, sp3); 2221 (C≡N); 1705 (C=O, acetyl); 1681 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 10.35 (s, 1H, NH), 8.08–8.11 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.60–7.62 (d, 2H, ArH), 7.29–7.54 (m, 4H, ArH), 4.98 (s, 1H, OH), 4.71–4.73 (d, J = 10, 1H, C8H), 4.06–4.14 (dd, J = 15, 2H, SCH2), 3.42–3.44 (d, J = 10, 1H, C5H), 2.90–2.92 (m, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.15(s, 3H, COCH3), 1.85 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.27 (s, 3H, CH3).13C NMR: δ 208.53, 166.23, 164.75, 160.47, 157.63, 151.75, 150.04, 146.07, 137.85, 129.52, 128.73, 128.60, 126.83, 123.77, 120.90, 120.53, 114.98, 103.98, 67.39, 65.71, 55.99, 43.21, 42.65, 34.72, 31.02, 27.46, 24.45, 18.50. Anal. Calcd for C28H25ClN4O5S (564.12): C, 59.52; H, 4.46; N, 9.92. Found: C, 59.20; H, 4.67; N, 10.07.

4.3.10. 2-[(7-Acetyl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)thio]-N-(4-acetylphenyl)acetamide (5i)

Compound 5i was synthesized by reaction of 2b with N-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide (4e). Yield: 86%. Mp: 193–194 °C. IR: 3540 (O–H); 3337(N–H); 3109 (C–H, sp2); 2968 (C–H, sp3); 2220 (C≡N); 1683 (3 C=O); 1595 (C = N). 1H NMR: δ 10.57 (s, 1H, NH), 8.06–8.11 (d, 2H, ArH), 7.84–7.86 (d, 2H, ArH), 7.62–7.65 (d, 2H, ArH), 7.28–7.31 (d, 2H, ArH), 5.02 (s, 1H, OH), 4.76–4.78 (d, J = 10, 1H, C8H), 4.36–4.38 (d, J = 10, 1H, C5H), 4.11–4.13 (dd, 2H, SCH2), 2.88–2..91 (m, 2H: C7H and C5H), 2.12 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.80 (s, 3H, COCH3), 1.23 (s, 3H, CH3 attached to pyridine ring), 1.03 (s, 3H, CH3). Anal. Calcd for C30H28N4O6S (572.17): C, 62.92; H, 4.93; N, 9.78. Found: C, 63.00; H, 4.85; N, 10.06.

4.4. 7-Acetyl-1-amino-2-(N-arylcarbamoyl)-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(3- and 4-nitrophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines 6b–d,f,g. General Methods

4.4.1. Method A

To a suspension of 5b–d,f,g (10 mmol) in absolute ethanol (60 mL) was added anhydrous sodium carbonate (0.30 g). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The yellow crystals that formed while hot were collected, washed with water, dried in air, and then recrystallized from dioxane to give 6b–d,f,g, repectively.

4.4.1.1. 7-Acetyl-1-amino-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(3-nitrophenyl)-N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamide (6b)

Compound 6b was obtained by cyclization of compound 5b. Yield: 87%. Mp: 287–288 °C. IR: 3415, 3388, 3314 (O–H, NH2, N–H); 2914 (C–H, sp3); 1703 (C=O, acetyl); 1622 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 9.43 (s, 1H, NH); 7.31–7.84 (m, 9H, ArH); 7.09 (s, 2H, NH2); 4.86–4.88 (d, J = 10, 1H, C6H); 4.84 (s, 1H, OH); 3.64–3.67(d, J = 15, 1H, C9H), 3.41–3.44 (d, J = 15, 1H, C7H); 2.92–2.94 (d, J = 10, 1H, C9H); 2.21 (s, 3H, COCH3); 2.03 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.33 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 209.44, 164.31, 158.22, 156.58, 149.38, 147.92, 147.07, 142.88, 138.83, 135.08, 130.11, 128.36, 128.24, 123.45, 123.02, 122.40, 121.51, 121.26, 97.03, 67.14, 65.90, 42.90, 41.98, 31.17, 27.94, 24.74. Anal. Calcd for C28H26N4O5S (530.16): C, 63.38; H, 4.94; N, 10.56. Found: C, 62.99; H, 5.12; N, 10.46.

4.4.1.2. 7-Acetyl-1-amino-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(3-nitrophenyl)-N-(4-tolyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamide (6c)

Compound 6c was obtained by cyclization of compound 5c. Yield: 92%. Mp: 291–292 °C. IR: 3418, 3386, 3313 (O–H, NH2, N–H); 3075 (C–H, sp2); 2914(C–H, sp3); 1706 (C=O, acetyl); 1624 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 9.35 (s, 1H, NH); 7.06–8.08 (d, J = 10, 1H, ArH); 7.84 (s, 1H, ArH); 7.53–7.58 (m, 4H, ArH); 7.12–7.14 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.07 (s, 2H, NH2); 4.86–4.88 (d, J = 10, 1H, C6H); 4.84 (s, 1H, OH); 3.64–3.67(d, J = 15, 1H, C9H), 3.41–3.45 (d, J = 20, 1H, C7H); 2.93–2.95 (d, J = 10, 1H, C9H); 2.28 (s, 3H, CH3 of 4-tolyl residue); 2.21 (s, 3H, COCH3); 2.03 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.33 (s, 3H, CH3).13C NMR: δ 209.44, 164.19, 158.12, 156.53, 149.19, 147.92, 147.08, 142.83, 136.25, 135.07, 132.42, 130.11, 128.77, 128.21, 123.08, 122.40, 121.51, 121.31, 97.20, 67.15, 65.90, 42.91, 41.97, 31.18, 27.95, 24.73, 20.46. Anal. Calcd for C29H28N4O5S (544.18): C, 63.95; H, 5.18; N, 10.29. Found: C, 64.14; H, 4.92; N, 9.93.

4.4.1.3. 7-Acetyl-1-amino-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(3-nitrophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamide (6d)

Compound 6d was obtained by cyclization of compound 5d. Yield: 94%. Mp: 293–294 °C. IR: 3417, 3383, 3314 (O–H, NH2, N–H); 3095 (C–H, sp2); 2967, 2916(C–H, sp3); 1706 (C=O, acetyl); 1622 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 9.56 (s, 1H, NH); 7.36–8.08 (m, 8H, ArH); 7.13 (s, 2H, NH2); 4.86–4.88 (d, J = 10, 1H, C6H); 4.85 (s, 1H, OH); 3.64–3.67 (d, J = 15, 1H, C9H), 3.40–3.44 (d, J = 20, 1H, C7H); 2.93–2.95 (d, J = 10, 1H, C9H); 2.21 (s, 3H, COCH3); 2.04 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.33 (s, 3H, CH3).13C NMR: δ 209.42, 164.35, 158.33, 156.65, 149.62, 147.92, 147.04, 142.94, 135.07, 130.10, 128.27, 128.23, 126.96, 122.95, 122.65, 122.41, 121.51, 96.81, 67.14, 65.88, 42.8, 41.99, 31.17, 27.94, 24.74. Anal. Calcd for C28H25ClN4O5S (564.12): C, 59.52; H, 4.46; N, 9.92. Found: C, 59.69; H, 4.41; N, 10.16.

4.4.1.4. 7-Acetyl-1-amino-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamide (6f)

Compound 6f was obtained by cyclization of compound 5f. Yield: 91%. Mp: 285–286 °C. IR: 3406, 3320 (O–H, NH2, N–H); 2921(C–H, sp3); 1703 (C=O, acetyl); 1622 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 9.41 (s, 1H, NH); 8.11–8.13 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.67–7.69 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.28–7.33 (m, 5H, ArH); 7.08 (s, 2H, NH2); 4.84 (s, 1H, OH); 4.82–4.84 (d, J = 10, 1H, C6H); 3.59–3.63(d, J = 20, 1H, C9H), 3.40–3.43 (d, J = 15, 1H, C7H); 2.87–2.89 (d, J = 10,1H, C9H); 2.19 (s, 3H, COCH3); 2.00 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.32 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 209.25, 164.33, 158.17, 156.61, 152.92, 149.35, 145.94, 142.71, 138.84, 129.40, 128.37, 128.22, 123.80, 123.46, 123.02, 121.26, 97.03, 67.14, 65.73, 43.19, 41.96, 31.19, 27.92, 24.61. Anal. Calcd for C28H26N4O5S (530.16): C, 63.38; H, 4.94; N, 10.56. Found: C, 62.98; H, 5.01; N, 10.62.

4.4.1.5. 7-Acetyl-1-amino-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-(4-tolyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxamide (6g)

Compound 6g was obtained by cyclization of compound 5g. Yield: 92%. Mp: 292–293 °C. IR: 3400, 3322 (O–H, NH2, N–H); 2919 (C–H, sp3); 1701 (C=O, acetyl); 1623 (C=O, amide). 1H NMR: δ 9.33 (s, 1H, NH); 8.11–8.13 (d, J = 10, 2H, Ar–H); 7.55–7.57 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.27–7.29 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.11–7.13 (d, J = 10, 2H, ArH); 7.05 (s, 2H, NH2); 4.84 (br s, 1H, OH); 4.82–4.84 (d, J = 10, 1H, C6H); 3.59–3.62 (d, J = 15, 1H, C9H), 3.40–3.44 (d, J = 20, 1H, C7H); 2.86–2.89 (d, J = 15, 1H, C9H); 2.27 (s, 3H, CH3 of 4-tolyl residue); 2.19 (s, 3H, COCH3); 2.01 (s, 3H, CH3); 1.32 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR: δ 209.25, 164.19, 158.06, 156.55, 152.92,149.14, 145.76, 142.65, 136.26, 129.38, 128.77, 128.17, 123.79, 123.06, 121.30, 97.19, 67.13, 65.74, 43.18, 41.94, 31.18, 27.92, 24.59, 20.44. Anal. Calcd for C29H28N4O5S (544.18): C, 63.95; H, 5.18; N, 10.29. Found: C, 64.13; H, 4.92; N, 9.99.

4.4.2. Method B

To mixture of compound 2a,b (10 mmol) and the respective N-aryl-2-chloroacetamide 4b–d (10 mmol) in ethanol (60 mL) was added anhydrous sodium carbonate (1.30 g). The resulting mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The solid that formed while hot was collected, washed with water, dried in air and then recrystallized from dioxane to give compounds 6b–d,f,g. Yield: 80–86%.

4.5. Cytotoxic Activity

The cytotoxic activity of the some synthesized compounds was determined according to the MTT method.39−41 The pancreatic (PACA2) and human cancer lung (A549) cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% Gluta MAX. Then the cells were seeded into sterile 96-well plates at a density of 10 × 103 cells/well and maintained at 37 °C for 24 h. Cancerous cells were exposed to compounds at concentrations of 0.75, 1.75, 3.125, 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50, and 100 μM for an incubation time of 72 h. The media was removed, and 40 μL of MTT stock solution was added to each well. The resulting solutions were incubated for more than 4 h. Subsequently, 120 μL of 10% SDS was added as a solubilizing reagent. The SPSS Software program was used to calculate the IC50 and IC50 ranges.

4.6. Antioxidant Activity

DPPH has been used for measurement of the free-radical scavenging ability of antioxidants. Reduction of an alcoholic DPPH solutio42−44 in the presence of a hydrogen-donating antioxidant is the mainly step of this method. Hydrogen atom or electron-donation ability of the tested compounds were measured spectrophotometrically from the bleaching of the purple-colored ethanol solution of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In this study, antioxidant activity of the tested compounds was measured using the stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraziyl (DPPH). Solution 1 was prepared by dissolving DPPH (0.002 g) in ethanol (50 mL). Solution 2 was prepared by dissolving different weights 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 g of each sample in 1 mL of DMSO then mixing 10 μL of each sample solution with 1 mL ethanol. Then 1 mL of solution 1 was mixed with 1 mL of solution 2, and the resulting mixture was vortexed thoroughly and left in the dark for about 30 min. The absorbance of the mixture was spectrophotometrically measured at λmax = 517 nm against blank 1 mL absolute ethanol and compared to ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The DPPH radical scavenging activity (% RSA) of compounds was calculated from the absorbance at the start (0) and after some reaction time (T) according to eq 1

4.6. 1

where ABS is the absorbance of blank sample (DPPH) solution without the compound to be tested and ATS is the absorbance of tested sample.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c06994.

  • IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral data as well as the raw data for biological activity (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ao1c06994_si_001.pdf (3.8MB, pdf)

References

  1. Kisel V. M.; Kostyrko E. O.; Kovtunenko V. A. Synthesis and biological properties of isoquinolines spirofused with carbocycles and heterocycles at position 4. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 2002, 38, 295–1318. [Google Scholar]
  2. Potikha L. M.; Kovtunenko V. A. Synthesis and properties of 3-aminodihydro-isoquinolines. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2009, 78, 513–533. 10.1070/RC2009v078n06ABEH004041. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  3. Buske A.; Busemann S.; Muhlbacher J.; Schmidt J.; Porzel A.; Bringmann G.; Adam G. Antidesmone, a novel type isoquinoline alkaloid from Antidesma membranaceum (Euphorbiaceae). Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 1079–1086. 10.1016/S0040-4020(98)01107-7. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dyachenko I. V.; Dyachenko V. D. Cycloalka[c]pyridine derivatives. Methods of synthesis and chemical properties. Russ. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 53, 1769–1787. 10.1134/S1070428017120016. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  5. Liou J.-P.; Cheng C.-Y. Total synthesis of (±)-desoxycodeine-D: A novel route to the morphine skeleton. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 915–918. 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02188-7. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. Lipinska T. Microwave-induced solid-supported Fischer indolization, a key step in the total synthesis of the sempervirine type methoxy analogues. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 8831–8834. 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.008. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  7. Vernier J.-M.; Holsenback H.; Cosford N. D. P.; Whitten J. P.; Menzaghi F.; Reid R.; Rao T. S.; Sacaan A. I.; Lloyd G. K.; Suto S. M.; Chavez- Noriega L. E.; Washburn M. S.; Urrutia A.; Mc-Donald I. A. Conformationaly restricted analogues of nicotine and anabasine. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 2173–2178. 10.1016/S0960-894X(98)00394-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Peukert S.; Schwahn U.; Gusstegen S.; Schreuder H.; Hofmeister A. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors based on a tetrahydro-1(2H)-isoquinolinone scaffold: Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray crystal structure. Synthesis 2005, 1550–1554. 10.1055/s-2005-865324. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  9. Wu S. C.; Yoon D.; Chin J.; van Kirk K.; Seethala R.; Golla R.; He B.; Harrity T.; Kunselman L. K.; Morgan N. N.; Ponticiello R. P.; Taylor J. R.; Zebo R.; Harper T. W.; Li W.; Wang M.; Zhang L.; Sleczka B. G.; Nayeem A.; Sheriff S.; Camac D. M.; Mozin P. E.; Everlof J. G.; Li Y.-X.; Ferraro C. A.; Kieltyka K.; Shon W.; Vath M. B.; Zvyaga T. A.; Gordon D. A.; Robl J. A. Discovery of 3-hydroxy-4-cyanoisoquinolines as novel, potent, and selective inhibitors of human 11b-hydroxydehydrogenase 1 (11b-HSD1). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 6693–6698. 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Al-Omran F.; Elassar A.-Z. A.; El-Khair A. A. Synthesis of condensed heteroaromatics: novel synthesis of aminoquinolizinone derivatives as anti-HIV agents. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 10163–10170. 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)01039-0. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hunt J. C. A.; Briggs E.; Clarke E. D.; Whittingham W. G. Synthesis and SAR studies of novel antifungal 1,2,3-triazines. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 5222–5226. 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hsin L.-W.; Chang L.-T.; Rothman R. B.; Dersch C. M.; Fishback J. A.; Matsumoto R. R. Synthesis and opioid activity of enantiomeric N-substituted 2,3,4,4a,5,6,7, 7a-octahydro-1H-benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolines. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 1392–1396. 10.1021/jm901503e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chan L.; Stefanac T.; Turcotte N.; Hu Z.; Chen Y.; Bedard J.; May S.; Jin H. Design and evaluation of dihydroisoquinolines as potent and orally bioavailable human cytomegalovirus inhibitors. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10, 1477–1480. 10.1016/S0960-894X(00)00265-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Sirakanyan S. N.; Akopyan E. K.; Paronikyan R. G.; Akopyan A. G.; Ovakimyan A. A. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activiity of 7(8)-amiino derivatiives of condensed thieno[3,2-d]pyriimiidines. Pharm. Chem. J. 2016, 50, 296–300. 10.1007/s11094-016-1439-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  15. Paronikyan E. G.; Noravyan A. S.; Akopyan Sh. F.; Dzhagatspanyan I. A.; Nazaryan I. M.; Paronikyan R. G. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activiity of pyrano[4,3:4,5]pyrido[2,3-b]thieno[3,2-d]pyriimiidine deriivaatives and pyrimido[5,4:2,3]thieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline derivatives. Pharm. Chem. J. 2007, 41, 466–469. 10.1007/s11094-007-0102-6. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  16. Paronikyan E. G.; Sirakanyan S. N.; Noravyan A. S.; Paronikyan R. G.; Dzhagatspanyan I. A. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activiity of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrano (thiopyrano)[4,3-d]pyridine and pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline derivatives. Pharm. Chem. J. 2001, 35, 8–10. 10.1023/A:1010438307254. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  17. Paronikyan E. G.; Akopyan Sh. F.; Noravyan A. S.; Gaiosh G.; Dashyan Sh; Sh; Paronikyan R. V.; Stepanyan G. M. Synthesis and antibacterial activiity of N- amino-derivatiives of condensed pyridines. Pharm. Chem. J. 2013, 47, 257–260. 10.1007/s11094-013-0940-3. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  18. Paronikyan E. G.; Dashyan Sh. Sh; Noravyan A. S.; Dzhagatspanyan I. A.; Paronikyan R. G.; Nazaryan I. M.; Akopyan A. G. Synthesis and neurotropic activiity of amino derivatiives of cyclopenta[4,5]pyrido[3,2:4,5]thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidines and pyrimido[4,5:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines. Pharm. Chem. J. 2016, 50, 301–305. 10.1007/s11094-016-1440-z. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kamal A. M.; Radwan S. M.; Zaki R. M. Synthesis and biological activity of pyrazolothienotetrahydroisoquinoline and [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]thienotetrahydro-isoquinoline derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 567–578. 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ju K. S.; Parales R. E. Nitroaromatic compounds, from synthesis to biodegradation. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2010, 74, 250–272. 10.1128/MMBR.00006-10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Noboru O.The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis; Wiley VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2001; pp 1–363. [Google Scholar]
  22. Strauss M. The nitroaromatic group in drug design. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1979, 18, 158–166. 10.1021/i360071a002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nepali K.; Lee H.-Y.; Liou J.-P. Nitro-Group-Containing Drugs. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 62, 2851–2893. 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Marae I. S.; Bakhite E. A.; Moustafa O. S.; Abbady M. S.; Mohamed Sh. K.; Mague J. T. Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of some new tetrahydroisoquinolines and related tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 8332–8339. 10.1021/acsomega.1c00050. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Marae I. S.; Bakhite E. A.; Moustafa O. S.; Abbady M. S.; Mohamed S. K.; Mague J. T. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Functionally Substituted Planar Pyrimidothienoisoquinolines and Nonplanar (3aR, 4S, 9aS)-pyrazolo[3,4-g]isoquinolines. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 8706–8716. 10.1021/acsomega.1c00601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Marae I. S.; Sharmoukh W.; Bakhite E. A.; Moustafa O. S.; Abbady M. S.; Emam H. E. Durable fluorescent cotton textile by immobilization of unique tetrahydrothienoisoquinoline derivatives. Cellulose 2021, 28, 5937–5956. 10.1007/s10570-021-03871-1. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ozols A. I.; Pelcher Y. E.; Kalme Z. A.; Popelis Y. Y.; Turovskis I. V.; Duburs G. Y. Synthesis and chemical properties of 8-aryl-7-acyl-1–6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-4-cyano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinones and isoquinolinethiones. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 1996, 32, 52–58. 10.1007/BF01169354. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  28. El-Ossaily Y. A.; Al-Taifi E. A.; Bakhite E. A.; Marae I. S.; Zaki R. M. Synthesis and characterization of new quinazolinylmethylsulfanylpyridines, quinazolinylthieno[2,3-b]pyridines and pyrido[3″,2″:4′,5′]thieno[3′,2′:4,5]pyrimido [6,1-b]quinazolines. Arkivoc 2020, 2019 (part vi), 446–458. 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.094. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  29. Al-Taifi E. A.; Marae I. S.; Bakhite E. A.; Demirtas G.; Mague J. T.; Mohamed S. K.; Ramli Y. Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization of 2-[(7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hydroxy-1,6- dimethyl-8-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)sulfanyl]-N-phenylacetamide. Acta Crystallogr. 2021, E77, 121–125. 10.1107/S2056989021000372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sayed E. M.; Hassanien R.; Mohamed S. K.; Mague J. T.; Akkurt M.; Farhan N.; Bakhite E. A.; Al-Waleedy S. A. H. Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hydroxy-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-N-phenylacetamide. Acta Crystallogr. 2021, E77, 663–667. 10.1107/S2056989021005430. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Akkurt M.; Marae I. S.; Mague J. T.; Mohamed S. K.; Bakhite E. A.; Al-Waleedy S. A. H. Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[7-acetyl-8-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-6-hydroxy1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3- yl]sulfanyl}-N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide. Acta Crystallogr. 2021, E77, 527–531. 10.1107/S2056989021003674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mague J. T.; Al-Taifi E. A.; Mohamed S. K.; Akkurt M.; Bakhite E. A. Methyl 2-{[(6S*,7R*,8S*)-7-acetyl-8-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-6-hydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl]sulfanyl}acetate. IUCr Data 2017, 2, x170868. 10.1107/S2414314617008689. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  33. Mague J. T.; Mohamed S. K.; Akkurt M.; Bakhite E. A.; Albayatif M. R. 6-Acetyl-8-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethylsulfanyl-6-hydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-4-carbonitrile. IUCr Data 2017, 2, x170390. 10.1107/S241431461700390X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  34. Dyachenko V. D.; Sukach S. M.; Dyachenko A. D.; Zubatyuk R. I.; Shishkin O. V. Synthesis of 7-Acetyl-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-6-hydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-3-thioxo-8-phenyl (heteryl)isoquinoline-4-carbonitriles Based on 2,4-Diacetyl-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenyl-(heteryl)cyclohexanones. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2010, 80, 2037–2042. 10.1134/S1070363210100257. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  35. Cremer D.; Pople J. A. General definition of ring puckering coordinates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 1354–1358. 10.1021/ja00839a011. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  36. Krause L.; Herbst-Irmer R.; Sheldrick G. M.; Stalke D. Comparison of silver and molybdenum microfocus X-ray sources for single-crystal structure determination. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2015, 48, 3–10. 10.1107/S1600576714022985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Sheldrick G. M. SHELXT-Integrated space-group and crystal-structure determination. Acta Crystallogr. 2015, A71, 3–8. 10.1107/S2053273314026370. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Sheldrick G. M. Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL-2018/1. Acta Crystallogr. 2015, C 71, 3–8. 10.1107/S2053229614024218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Akkoç S.; Kayser V.; İlhan I. O. Synthesis and In Vitro Anticancer Evaluation of Some Benzimidazolium Salts. J. heterocycl. Chem. 2019, 56, 2934–2944. 10.1002/jhet.3687. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  40. Akkoç S.; İlhan I. O.; Gök Y.; Upadhyay P. J.; Kayser V. In vitro cytotoxic activities of new silver and PEPPSI palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes derived from benzimidazolium salts. J. Inorg. Chim. Acta. 2016, 449, 75–81. 10.1016/j.ica.2016.05.001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  41. Akkoç S.; Kayser V.; İlhan I. O.; Hibbs D. E.; Gök Y.; Williams P. A.; Hawkins B.; Lai F. J. New compounds based on a benzimidazole nucleus: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity against breast and colon cancer cell lines. J. Organomet. Chem. 2017, 839, 98–107. 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.03.037. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  42. Fatiha M.; Abdelkader T. Study of antioxidant activity of pyrimidinium betaines by DPPH radical scavenging method. J. Anal. & Pharm. Res. 2019, 8, 33–36. 10.15406/japlr.2019.08.00308. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  43. Salem M. S.; Guirguis D. B.; El-Helw E. A. E.; Ghareeb M. A.; Derbala H. A. Y. Antioxidant activity of heterocyclic compounds derived from 4-(4-acetamidophenyl)-4-oxobut-2-enoic Acid. Int. J. Sci. & Res. 2014, 3, 1274–1282. [Google Scholar]
  44. Wilhelm E. A.; Ferreira A. T. A.; Pinz M. P.; dosReis A. A. S.; Vogt A. G.; Stein A.; Zeni G.; Luchese C. Antioxidant effect of quinoline derivatives containing or not selenium: Relationship with antinociceptive action quinolines are antioxidant and antinociceptive. J. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2017, 89, 457–467. 10.1590/0001-3765201720160668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

ao1c06994_si_001.pdf (3.8MB, pdf)

Articles from ACS Omega are provided here courtesy of American Chemical Society

RESOURCES