Blue Light-Promoted Cross-Coupling of α-Diazo Esters with Isocyanides: Synthesis of Ester-Functionalized Ketenimines

Abstract

A metal-free scalable synthesis of functionalized ketenimines from alkyl α-(aryl/heteroaryl)-α-diazoacetates and alkyl isocyanides induced by blue light irradiation has been developed. The reaction proceeds at room temperature without any photocatalyst and provides ketenimines in moderate to good yields. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the experimental study showed that aryl(alkoxycarbonyl)carbenes in both singlet and triplet states can react with isocyanides but only the reaction of the former leads to the smooth formation of ketenimines. The obtained ketenimines were used for the synthesis of functionalized amidines under mild metal-free conditions.

Introduction

Ketenimines are reactive compounds that are widely used in organic synthesis.¹ They are often generated in the reaction mixture in situ and react further with an appropriate substrate to afford a target molecule. There are a number of reliable methods for the synthesis of ketenimines,² which include the Wittig and aza-Wittig reactions, alkylation of nitrile anions, dehydrochlorination of imidoyl chlorides, dehydration of amides, etc. Obviously, to expand the versatility of ketenimine chemistry, functionalized ketenimines are in high demand. One of the attractive and perspective ways to access functionalized ketenimines is an addition of isocyanides to carbenes derived from diazocarbonyl compounds. Back in 1970, Ciganek reported the formation of a ketenimine under harsh thermolysis of methyl phenyldiazoacetate in tert-butyl isocyanide (Scheme 1a).³ In recent years, the coupling of isocyanides with diazo compounds has undergone a revival due to the application of transition metal catalysis (Scheme 1b). In particular, palladium catalysis has been the most actively studied.⁴ Several examples of the application of rhodium⁵ and cobalt⁶ catalysis have also been published. Despite the impressive progress in the metal-catalyzed synthesis of ketenimines, the development of a mild metal-free synthesis continues to be important, since removing trace amounts of toxic transition metals from products remains a long-standing problem in the pharmaceutical industry.^7,8

Scheme 1. Synthesis of Ketenimines from Diazocarbonyl Compounds and Isocyanides.

As part of our continuing research interest in diazo chemistry,⁹ we addressed photochemical activation of diazo compounds in the reaction with isocyanides to develop an inexpensive, mild, and ecologically friendly method for the preparation of functionalized ketenimines. To the best of our knowledge, a photochemical synthesis of ketenimines from diazocarbonyl compounds and isocyanides has not been reported. It should be noted that several examples of the photochemical formation of ketenimines from diphenyldiazomethane and isocyanides using a mercury lamp with a Pyrex filter or 254 nm UV-light have been published (Scheme 1c).¹⁰ Currently, visible light activation of diazo compounds is actively studied.¹¹ The advantages of this approach are simple light-emitting diode (LED) equipment, high selectivity of reactions, and easy workup of the reaction mixtures containing no metals.

In this work, we report a blue light-promoted metal-free synthesis of functionalized ketenimines from diazo esters and isocyanides (Scheme 1d).¹² The mechanism of the reaction was studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and control experiments. The obtained ketenimines were converted to functionalized amidines under mild metal-free conditions.

Results and Discussion

Synthesis of Ketenimines

Optimization experiments were performed using readily available methyl phenyldiazoacetate (1a) and t-butyl isocyanide (2a), all reactions were conducted until full consumption of a diazo compound. In previous studies,¹¹ it was shown that blue light can effectively promote the elimination of nitrogen from aryldiazoacetates in dichloromethane (DCM). The reaction of the diazo compound 1a with 2 equiv of isocyanide 2a under 450 nm LED light irradiation in DCM at room temperature led to the formation of ketenimine 3a, which was isolated by silica gel column chromatography in 43% yield (Table 1, entry 1). The reaction of the diazo compound 1a with 0.5 equiv of isocyanide 2a afforded ketenimine 3a in 45% yield (entry 2). Increasing the amount of isocyanide to 3 equiv led to a slight increase in the yield of ketenimine 3a (entry 3). The product yield is almost independent of the concentration of the reagents (entries 4 and 5). The addition of catalytic amounts of a transition metal catalyst such as zinc chloride, palladium acetate, or photocatalysts¹³ (fac-Ir(ppy)₃ or [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂) (entries 6–9), as well as the use of LEDs with other wavelengths (390, 420, 475, 520 nm) (entries 10–13) did not lead to an increase in the ketenimine yield. We also tested several halogenated solvents [CHCl₃, CCl₄, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and perfluorotoluene]. The yields of ketenimine 3a in these solvents were lower than those in DCM (entries 14–17). The use of a lower power LED (entry 18), solvent-free conditions (entry 19), or an argon atmosphere, as well as the slow addition of the diazo compound 1a to isocyanide 2a solution, did not improve the yield of ketenimine 3a. The optimal conditions were found to be irradiation of the diazo compound 1a (0.14 mol/L) with 450 nm LED light with 3 equiv of isocyanide 2a in DCM.

Table 1. Optimization of Photochemical Ketenimine Synthesis^a.

entry	equiv of 2a	additive (equiv)	solvent	concentration of 1a, M	LED, nm	yield of 3a,b %
1	2		DCM	0.14	450	43
2	0.5		DCM	0.28	450	45c
3	3		DCM	0.14	450	50
4	3		DCM	0.21	450	44
5	3		DCM	0.07	450	47
6	3	ZnCl2 (0.13)	DCM	0.14	450	46
7	3	Pd(OAc)2 (0.07)	DCM	0.14	450	46
8	3	fac-Ir(ppy)3 (0.05)	DCM	0.14	450	47d
9	3	[Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 (0.05)	DCM	0.14	450	45
10	3		DCM	0.14	390e	29
11	3		DCM	0.14	420	42
12	3		DCM	0.14	475e	50d
13	3		DCM	0.14	520f	43d
14	3		DCE	0.14	450	36d
15	3		CHCl3	0.14	450	35d
16	3		CCl4	0.14	450	42d
17	3		C6F5CF3	0.14	450	38d
18	3		DCM	0.14	450g	46
19	3				450h	46

^aReaction conditions: 1a (0.28 mmol), 2a (0.85 mmol), solvent (1–4 mL), 10W LED, rt, and 2 h.

^bIsolated yields.

^cYield calculated on 2a.

^dYield was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy using CH₂Br₂ as the internal standard.

^e3 h.

^f15 h.

^g25 h, 0.5W LED.

^h6 h.

The moderate yield of ketenimine 3a may be associated with the low activity of the isocyanide toward the carbene species and, consequently, the low selectivity of the reaction (carbene tends to react with the diazo compound instead of the isocyanide). Indeed, a number of byproducts derived from the diazo compound 1a were identified in the reaction mixtures (see the Supporting Information). One more factor reducing the yield of the ketenimine is the degradation of the triplet ketenimine (see details below).

With the optimized conditions in hand, we examined the scope of the reaction (Scheme 2). The yields of ketenimines 3 in the reactions of tert-butyl isocyanide 2a with various aryldiazoacetates 1a–q were in the range of 27–64%. In general, the yields of ketenimines bearing ortho substituents in the phenyl ring were slightly higher, probably due to inhibition of side reactions of the ketenimine formed. Thus, the yields of ketenimines from ortho-chlorophenyl (1e), ortho-tolyl (1k), and 1-naphthyl (1m) diazoacetates were 52, 48, and 64%, respectively. No clear influence of the electronic effects of substituents on the course of the reaction was observed. The yield of ketenimine 3g turned out to be higher when the reaction was conducted under an argon atmosphere. A ketenimine was also obtained from a 3-pyridyl-substituted diazo compound 1l: the reaction was completed in 4.5 h to give ketenimine 3l in 48% yield. The reactions with ethyl 2-(2-pyridyl)- (using a 390 nm LED) and 2-(4-pyridyl)-2-diazoacetates resulted in a complex mixture of products. The ketenimine formation was not observed in the reaction of isocyanide 2a with 3-diazoindolin-2-one. The synthesis of ketenimines can be scaled up and that was demonstrated by a 2.5 mmol scale reaction of methyl phenyldiazoacetate (1a), which produced ketenimine 3a in 58% yield.

Scheme 2. Scope of Diazo Compounds and Isocyanides^,

Reaction conditions: 1 (0.28 mmol), 2 (0.85 mmol), DCM (2 mL), 450 nm 10W LED, rt, and 2 h.

Isolated yields.

2.5 mmol scale.

Reaction was carried out under argon for 3 h.

4.5 h.

The yields of ketenimines 3r,s obtained from less sterically crowded isocyanides 2b,c turned out to be lower than from tert-butyl isocyanide 2a. It was found that the reaction was not effective for isocyanides with an active methylene group: ethyl isocyanoacetate (2d) gave ketenimine 3t in low yield whereas TosMIC did not afford the corresponding ketenimine at all. The reactions of phenyldiazoacetate 1a with aryl isocyanides (4-(dimethylamino)phenyl and 2-iodo-4-nitrophenyl isocyanides) led to the formation of complex mixtures of products.

Mechanism of the Reaction and DFT Calculations

As follows from the literature data,¹¹ aryldiazoacetates can absorb light in the blue region that leads to photoexcitation of the diazo compound to the singlet state. The subsequent loss of nitrogen from the excited state of aryldiazoacetate generates a highly reactive singlet carbene. It can convert to a triplet carbene via intersystem crossing (ISC), which is generally a fast and reversible process.^14a,14b It should be mentioned that the spin nature of several photochemically generated aryl(methoxycarbonyl)carbenes has been studied in previous studies by different methods.¹⁴ From these studies, two important points can be concluded: (a) a ground spin state of the carbenes changes from the triplet state in nonpolar solvents to the singlet state in polar solvents; (b) a spin state of the carbenes strongly depends upon the nature and position of substituents at the phenyl ring. Electron-donating substituents in ortho- and para-positions make the singlet state to be the ground state. In opposite, electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize the triplet state. Since in our work, ketenimines were obtained from diazo esters bearing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents at the phenyl ring, the mechanism of the reaction needs to be discussed.

Singlet carbenes can exhibit electrophilic properties due to the presence of a vacant p-type orbital (LUMO). On the other hand, they possess nucleophilic properties due to the presence of an occupied orbital (perpendicular to the empty p-orbital), which contains the lone pair of electrons at the divalent carbon atom (HOMO). The nature of the substituents has a decisive influence on the degree of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of the carbene. The triplet carbene having two p-orbitals each occupied by an electron, behaves as a diradical species. In one of the previous studies, it was proposed that the ketenimine formation proceeds via “an electrophilic attack by isocyano-carbon upon the electron-rich carbon of diarylcarbene”.¹⁰ At the same time, due to the presence of an electron-withdrawing ester group, aryl(methoxycarbonyl)carbenes possess an electron-deficient nature. Thus, it is not clear which orbitals of aryl(methoxycarbonyl)carbenes and isocyanides interact in the reaction.

To get an insight into the mechanism of the ketenimine formation, we conducted control experiments and quantum-chemical calculations (DFT). It should be mentioned that a spin state of the carbenes involved in the blue light-induced reactions of diazo compounds has been discussed in a few studies.^11a,11b,15 According to the literature,¹⁵ an influence of the radical scavenger (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) on the reactions of carbenes can be an indicator of the spin nature of a carbene. An addition of 1 equiv of TEMPO to the reaction of the diazo compound 1a with isocyanide 2a almost did not influence the yield of 3a, which was 45% (Scheme 3). This fact can provide evidence in favor of a singlet carbene being involved in the formation of ketenimine 3a. On the other hand, the analogous reaction of methyl (4-nitrophenyl)diazoacetate (1g) led to the formation of methyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxoacetate as a major product and to a decrease in the yield of ketenimine 3g from 40 to 12% (Scheme 3). These facts support the triplet carbene to be involved in this reaction. The same conclusion follows from the sensitivity of the yield of 3g to the presence of oxygen in the reaction mixture (see Scheme 2).

Scheme 3. Control Experiments with TEMPO.

According to the DFT calculations (B3LYP-D3/def2TZVP, PCM for dichloromethane, 298.15 K), phenyl(methoxycarbonyl)carbene 4 has a small singlet–triplet energy gap (Figure 1). The energy of singlet carbene ¹4 having a twisted geometry (CO₂Me group is orthogonal to the PhC moiety) is lower than that for plane triplet carbene syn-³4 (Ph and C=O groups are in the syn arrangement) by only 0.2 kcal/mol. The second conformer of triplet carbene, anti-³4 (Ph and C=O groups are in the anti arrangement), is less stable than ¹4 by 1.7 kcal/mol. These results are in accordance with those previously published for phenyl(methoxycarbonyl)carbene in the gas phase (B3LYP/6-31G*).^14a

Figure 1.

Energy diagrams for the addition of isocyanide 2a to carbenes ¹4, syn-³4, and anti-³4.

The calculated energy profiles for the reactions of tert-butyl isocyanide (2a) with carbenes ¹4, syn-³4, and anti-³4 are depicted in Figure 1. Isocyanide 2a can attack singlet carbene ¹4 in two ways: from the side of the methoxy group (TS1) or carbonyl group (TS2). Both reactions result in the formation of singlet ketenimine 3a but in different conformational states, 3a′ and 3a″, respectively. The energy of TS1 is slightly lower than that of TS2, both the energy barriers being quite low. As can be seen from the structures of TS1 and TS2, the isocyanide attacks carbene ¹4 almost perpendicularly to the plane of the phenyl ring (dihedral angles C_ortho-C_ipso-C_carbene-C_isocyanide are 75.8 and 75.7° for TS1 and TS2, respectively). Such an approach corresponds to an interaction of p-type LUMO of the carbene with σ-type HOMO of the isocyanide. Two conformers of the triplet carbene, syn-³4 and anti-³4, react with 2a to afford two conformers of triplet ketenimine: twisted ³3a and flat ³3a′, respectively. The reactions of both triplet carbenes, syn-³4 and anti-³4, practically have the same energy barrier (TS3, ΔΔG^‡ = 10.9 kcal/mol and TS4, ΔΔG^‡ = 11.1 kcal/mol), which is very similar to that for the singlet carbene (TS1, ΔΔG^‡ = 11.4 kcal/mol). The isocyanide attacks triplet carbenes syn-³4 and anti-³4 from the plane of the phenyl ring, an angle C_carbene···C=N in transition states TS3 and TS4 being 116.5 and 119.8°, respectively. Such a geometry of these transition states implies the interaction of the p-type SOMO of the carbene with the π*-type LUMO of the isocyanide. The less stable triplet ketenimine ³3a, derived from triplet carbene syn-³4, very quickly transforms to the more stable triplet conformer ³3a′ (TS5, ΔΔG^‡ = 1.9 kcal/mol). The latter is extremely unstable due to its rapid homolytic fragmentation to radical 5 and the tert-butyl radical (TS6, ΔΔG^‡ = 6.3 kcal/mol), which is typical of imidoyl radicals.¹⁶ This rapid reaction, in principle, can compete with the transformation of the triplet ketenimines to singlet ketenimine 3a via intersystem crossing.

Thus, it follows from the calculations that: (a) carbene 4 in both singlet and triplet states can be involved in the reaction; (b) the singlet and triplet carbenes 4 are comparable in their reactivity toward isocyanides; and (c) the triplet ketenimine ³3 formed from the triplet carbene, in addition to conversion to the singlet ketenimine ¹3 through the intersystem crossing, can undergo the low-barrier homolytic fragmentation across the single C–N bond, leading to byproducts. We believe that the degradation of the triplet ketenimine formed is one of the reasons for moderate ketenimine yields in this reaction.

Synthesis of Amidines from Ketenimines

An amidine structural motif is of high relevance for medicinal chemistry.¹⁷ A notable example related to this work is napactadine (N,N′-dimethyl-2-naphthaleneethanimidamide hydrochloride), an antidepressant agent.¹⁸ Amidines, bearing an ester substituent at the α-position, are a practically unknown class of compounds and could be of great interest for drug development. A few examples of these compounds were just recently synthesized using transition metal catalysis.^4a,6a To close this gap, we carried out a series of metal-free reactions of the ketenimines, obtained in this work, with primary and secondary amines in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (Scheme 4). It was found that the reactions of ketenimine 3a with primary aliphatic amines proceed under mild heating to afford amidines 6a,b in good yields. Compounds 6a,b exist in CDCl₃ solution as an equilibrium mixture of two tautomers. Ketenimine 3a reacts with aniline in the presence of a strong base (DBU) at a higher temperature to give amidine 6c. As reported previously,^4a ketenimines like 3 can react with morpholine under palladium catalysis to give an enamine tautomer of amidine. We found that the reaction of ketenimine 3a with morpholine can proceed effectively upon mild heating without any catalyst to afford the corresponding enamine 6d. The synthesis of enamines can be carried out in one-pot starting from the diazo compound and isocyanide that was demonstrated by the synthesis of enamines 6e,f.

Scheme 4. Synthesis of Functionalized Amidines.

Conclusions

We have developed a metal-free scalable synthesis of functionalized ketenimines from α-(aryl/heteroaryl)-α-diazoacetates and alkyl isocyanides induced by blue light. The reaction proceeds at room temperature without any photocatalyst and provides ketenimines in moderate to good yields. The mechanism of the reaction was studied by DFT calculations and control experiments, which demonstrated that both singlet and triplet forms of carbene can react with isocyanide. The obtained ketenimines were used for the synthesis of functionalized amidines under mild metal-free conditions.

Experimental Part

General Information

All solvents were distilled and dried prior to use. ¹H (400 MHz) and ¹³C (100 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE 400 spectrometer in the solvent indicated below. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra were measured on a Shimadzu Nexera X2 LCMS-9030 mass spectrometer (on a Bruker micrOTOF for 3g). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted on aluminum sheets precoated with SiO₂ ALUGRAM SIL G/UV254. Irradiation was carried out with a 10W LED (spectral distribution of 420–490 nm with a maximum intensity at 447 nm, full width at half-maximum 17 nm) with 900 mA, 9–11 V power supply, and water-cooling system. Photochemical reactions were performed in a standard 4 mL glass vial. The distance from the diode to the vial was 25 mm. The vials were cooled with a 40 mm fan.

Diazo compounds 1a,b,c,d,e,f,¹⁹1g,²⁰1h,o,²¹1i,j,²²1k,²³1l,²⁴1m,²⁵1n,²⁶1p,^9d and 1q(11a) are known compounds, which were prepared by the reported procedures.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Ketenimines 3

A 4 mL vial was charged with a diazo compound (0.28 mmol, 1 equiv), an isocyanide (0.85 mmol, 3 equiv), and dichloromethane (2 mL). The vial was closed but not tightly to allow nitrogen to escape and irradiated with blue light (one 10W 450 nm LED) at room temperature under magnetic stirring until the diazo compound consumption (about 2 h, controlled by TLC). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the crude material was purified by column chromatography (eluent petroleum ether–EtOAc, from 5:1 to 2:1) to afford the corresponding ketenimine.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-phenylacrylate (3a)^4b

Colorless oil (32 mg, 49%). Irradiation of a mixture of phenyldiazoacetate 1a (2.5 mmol), tert-butyl isocyanide 2a (7.5 mmol), and DCM (18 mL) with eight 10W 450 nm LEDs for 6 h gave ketenimine 3a in 58% yield (335 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.63 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 1.59 (s, 9H); HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₈NO₂⁺ 232.1332, found 232.1332.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate (3b)

Colorless oil (30 mg, 41%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.9, 169.5, 157.8, 128.1, 123.0, 114.0, 68.2, 62.3, 55.2, 51.3, 30.4; HRMS-ESI [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₉NNaO₃⁺ 284.1257, found 284.1258.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylate (3c)

Colorless oil (32 mg, 46%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.51–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.05–7.01 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 30.4, 51.4, 62.6, 67.7, 115.3 (d, J = 21.5 Hz), 127.0 (d, J = 3.5 Hz), 128.2 (d, J = 8.1 Hz), 160.9 (d, J = 245.1 Hz), 169.2, 170.1; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₇FNO₂⁺ 250.1238, found 250.1243.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylate (3d)

Colorless oil (30 mg, 40%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 168.9 (2C), 130.9, 130.0, 128.5, 127.6, 67.6, 62.9, 51.4, 30.5; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₇³⁵ClNO₂⁺ 266.0942, found 266.0945.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylate (3e)^4a

Colorless oil (36 mg, 48%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (dd, J = 7.6 and 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J = 7.7 and 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29–7.20 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 9H); HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₇³⁵ClNO₂⁺ 266.0942, found 266.0945.

Methyl 2-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(tert-butylimino)acrylate (3f)

Colorless oil (30 mg, 35%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44–7.43 (m, 4H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 168.8, 168.6, 131.5, 130.6, 127.9, 118.9, 67.6, 62.9, 51.4, 30.5; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₇⁷⁹BrNO₂⁺ 310.0437, found 310.0444.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate (3g)

Orange solid (31 mg, 40%). This compound was obtained in 52% yield (40 mg) when the reaction was carried out under argon for 3 h. Mp: 85–86 °C (hexane). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.16 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 168.0, 162.4, 144.6, 140.4, 125.3, 123.9, 66.9, 63.8, 51.5, 30.6; HRMS-ESI [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₆N₂NaO₄⁺ 299.1002, found 299.1008.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylate (3h)

Colorless oil (37 mg, 44%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70–7.67 (m, 2H), 7.58–7.56 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 30.5, 51.4, 63.2, 67.4, 124.3 (q, J = 271.5 Hz), 125.3 (q, J = 3.7 Hz), 125.9, 127.1 (q, J = 32.4 Hz), 136.0, 166.6, 168.6; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.35; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₇F₃NO₂⁺ 300.1206, found 300.1212.

Ethyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(p-tolyl)acrylate (3i)

Colorless oil (20 mg, 27%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.7, 168.9, 135.2, 129.1, 128.1, 126.6, 68.8, 62.4, 59.9, 30.5, 21.0, 14.4; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₂NO₂⁺ 260.1645, found 260.1650.

Ethyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(m-tolyl)acrylate (3j)

Colorless oil (20 mg, 28%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42 (br.s, 1H), 7.33–7.31 (m, 1H), 7.23 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00–6.98 (m, 1H), 4.27 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.0, 168.8, 138.0, 131.2, 128.3, 127.3, 126.3, 123.6, 68.9, 62.5, 59.9, 30.5, 21.5, 14.4; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₂NO₂⁺ 260.1645, found 260.1650.

Ethyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(o-tolyl)acrylate (3k)^4a

Colorless oil (38 mg, 52%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31–7.28 (m, 1H), 7.24–7.20 (m, 3H), 4.25 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₂NO₂⁺ 260.1645, found 260.1647.

Ethyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylate (3l)

Colorless oil (33 mg, 48%). The reaction was irradiated for 4.5 h. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.64 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (dd, J = 4.8 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (dt, J = 8.1 and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26–7.23 (m, 1H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.3, 30.5, 60.2, 63.0, 65.3, 123.2, 128.4, 133.6, 146.3, 147.3, 167.1, 168.3; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₂⁺ 247.1441, found 247.1448.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acrylate (3m)

Colorless oil (50 mg, 64%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.06–8.04 (m, 1H), 7.91–7.86 (m, 2H), 7.58–7.49 (m, 4H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 169.8, 169.3, 133.9, 132.6, 129.1, 128.4, 128.3, 127.7, 126.0, 125.7, 125.4 (2C), 65.4, 61.7, 51.6, 30.3; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₈H₂₀NO₂⁺ 282.1489, found 282.1494.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)acrylate (3n)

Colorless oil (30 mg, 38%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.19 (br.s, 1H), 7.84–7.79 (m, 3H), 7.55 (dd, J = 8.6 and 1.9 Hz, 1H); 7.50–7.41 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.1, 169.2, 133.8, 131.6, 128.6, 127.9, 127.8, 127.5, 126.0, 125.2, 124.9, 124.7, 68.8, 62.8, 51.4, 30.5; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₈H₂₀NO₂⁺ 282.1489, found 282.1489.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (3o)

Colorless solid (26 mg, 32%). Mp: 70–71 °C (hexane). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J = 8.4 and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.6, 169.4, 148.9, 147.1, 123.6, 118.9, 111.4, 110.5, 68.4, 62.4, 55.9, 55.8, 51.3, 30.5; HRMS-ESI [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₁NNaO₄⁺ 314.1363, found 314.1373.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)acrylate (3p)

Colorless oil (31 mg, 40%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33–7.27 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.3, 169.6, 156.1, 129.5, 126.7, 125.5, 122.4, 110.1, 68.3, 62.2, 55.3, 51.3, 30.4, 16.3; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₆H₂₂NO₃⁺ 276.1594, found 276.1596.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylimino)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acrylate (3q)

Colorless oil (49 mg, 59%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71 (br.s, 1H), 7.37–7.36 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 168.5, 166.9, 132.5, 132.0, 130.2, 128.8, 127.7, 125.3, 66.7, 63.3, 51.5, 30.5; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₆³⁵Cl₂NO₂⁺ 300.0553, found 300.0553.

Methyl 3-(benzylimino)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acrylate (3r)

Colorless oil (27 mg, 29%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43–7.38 (m, 5H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J = 8.5 and 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.4, 168.1, 135.0, 132.4, 131.2, 130.1, 129.3, 129.0, 128.7, 128.3, 127.9, 125.9, 67.0, 54.9, 51.6; HRMS-ESI [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₇H₁₃³⁵Cl₂NNaO₂⁺ 356.0216, found 356.0224.

Methyl 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-((3-methoxypropyl)imino)acrylate (3s)

Colorless oil (13 mg, 15%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66 (br.s, 1H), 7.38–7.37 (m, 2H), 3.97 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.53 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.10–2.04 (m, 2H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 168.4, 167.5, 132.4, 131.8, 130.2, 128.9, 128.0, 125.7, 71.6, 68.8, 58.8, 51.5, 47.8, 30.2; HRMS-ESI [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₅³⁵Cl₂NNaO₃⁺ 338.0321, found 338.0325.

Methyl 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-((2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)imino)acrylate (3t)

Colorless oil (11 mg, 12%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J = 8.5 and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 4.31 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 176.4, 168.0, 166.4, 132.4, 130.9, 130.2, 129.5, 128.7, 126.4, 66.7, 62.6, 51.8, 50.7, 14.1; HRMS-ESI [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₃³⁵Cl₂NNaO₄⁺ 352.0114, found 352.0123.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Amidines 6a,b,d

Ketenimine 3 (0.33 mmol), amine (0.33 mmol), and THF (3.0 mL) were placed successively into a screw cap glass tube and heated at 50 °C until full consumption of ketenimine was detected (about 12 h, controlled by TLC). The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent petroleum ether–EtOAc, from 5:1 to 2:1) to give compound 6.

Methyl 3-(benzylamino)-3-(tert-butylamino)-2-phenylacrylate (6a)

Colorless oil (69 mg, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41–7.40 (m, 6H), 7.36–7.31 (m, 9H), 7.24–7.20 (m, 6H), 6.60 (br.s, 1H), 5.17 (br.s, 1H), 5.11 (s, 1.1H), 4.58 and 4.45 (AB-q, J = 16.3 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2.2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3.3H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.33 (s, 10H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.1, 170.7, 163.6, 150.5, 142.5, 138.7, 137.9, 135.0, 132.5, 128.9, 128.6, 128.1 (2C), 127.9, 127.7 (2C), 127.4, 127.1, 125.9, 125.8, 89.2, 53.7, 52.5, 52.0, 51.0, 50.8 (2C), 50.5, 30.6, 28.7; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₁H₂₇N₂O₂⁺ 339.2069, found 339.2073.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylamino)-3-((4-methylbenzyl)amino)-2-phenylacrylate (6b)

Colorless oil (58 mg, 50%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36–7.05 (m, 22H), 6.70 (br.s, 1H), 5.41 (br.s, 1H), 5.09–5.07 (m, 1.9H), 4.50 and 4.37 (AB-q, J = 16.2 Hz, 2H), 3.98–3.97 (m, 2.9H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 4.3H), 2.35 (s, 7.3H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.30 (s, 13H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.2, 170.7, 163.7, 150.4, 139.5, 138.1, 137.0, 135.7, 135.2, 135.1, 132.6, 129.3, 128.9, 128.7, 128.1 (2C), 127.7 (2C), 127.0, 125.9, 88.8, 53.6, 52.6, 51.8, 51.0, 50.8, 50.6, 50.5, 30.7, 28.7, 21.1, 21.0; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₂H₂₉N₂O₂⁺ 353.2224, found 353.2227.

Methyl 3-(tert-butylamino)-3-morpholino-2-phenylacrylate (6d)

Colorless oil (95 mg, 91%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33–7.30 (m, 2H), 7.22–7.18 (m, 1H), 7.14–7.12 (m, 2H), 6.66 (br.s, 1H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.46 (m, 4H), 2.77 (br.s, 4H), 1.40 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.9, 165.8, 138.9, 132.1, 127.8, 125.6, 96.2, 66.1, 54.6, 51.0, 50.7, 30.5; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₈H₂₇N₂O₃⁺ 319.2016, found 319.2021.

Synthesis of Methyl 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-phenyl-3-(phenylimino)propanoate (6c)

Ketenimine 3a (76 mg, 0.33 mmol), aniline (31 mg, 0.33 mmol), DBU (50 mg, 0.33 mmol), and THF (3.0 mL) were placed successively into a screw cap glass tube and heated at 70 °C until full consumption of ketenimine was detected (about 6 days, controlled by TLC). The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent petroleum ether–EtOAc, from 5:1 to 2:1) to give compound 6c. Colorless oil (34 mg, 32%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36–7.30 (m, 3H), 7.25–7.21 (m, 4H), 6.97 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 9H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.0, 150.4, 149.3, 135.6, 128.8, 128.7, 127.9, 127.6, 122.0, 121.6, 52.6, 51.4 (2C), 28.4; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₂₅N₂O₂⁺ 325.1911, found 325.1917.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Enamines 6e,f

A 4 mL vial was charged with methyl phenyldiazoacetate (1a) (50 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1 equiv), isocyanide (0.85 mmol, 3 equiv), and dichloromethane (2 mL). The vial was closed but not tightly to allow nitrogen to escape and irradiated with blue light (one 10W 450 nm LED) at room temperature under magnetic stirring until the diazo compound consumption (about 2 h, controlled by TLC). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained crude ketenimine, morpholine (22 mg, 0.25 mmol), and THF (2.0 mL) were placed successively into a screw cap glass tube and heated at 50 °C until full consumption of ketenimine was detected (about 12 h, controlled by TLC). The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent petroleum ether–EtOAc, from 5:1 to 2:1) to give the enamine.

Methyl 3-(cyclohexylamino)-3-morpholino-2-phenylacrylate (6e)

Colorless oil (38 mg, 39%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70 (br.s, 1H), 7.31–7.28 (m, 2H), 7.16–7.13 (m, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.43 (m, 4H), 3.24–3.16 (m, 1H), 2.78 (br.s, 4H), 1.99–1.96 (m, 2H), 1.86–1.83 (m, 2H), 1.65–1.63 (m, 1H), 1.45–1.25 (m, 4H), 0.93–0.82 (m, 1H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.1, 165.6, 139.1, 132.1, 127.8, 125.1, 89.6, 66.3, 54.6, 50.6, 50.1, 33.8, 25.5, 25.3; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₂₉N₂O₃⁺ 345.2173, found 345.2179.

Methyl 3-(isopropylamino)-3-morpholino-2-phenylacrylate (6f)

Colorless oil (22 mg, 26%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.57 (br.s, 1H), 7.32–7.28 (m, 2H), 7.18–7.14 (m, 3H), 3.62–3.53 (m, 4H), 3.46–3.44 (m, 4H), 2.79 (br.s, 4H), 1.28 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H); ¹³C{¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.1, 165.6, 139.0, 132.1, 127.8, 125.1, 89.8, 66.3, 50.6, 50.1, 47.2, 23.3; HRMS-ESI [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₇H₂₅N₂O₃⁺ 305.1860, found 305.1867.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.2c00367.

• Calculation details and NMR spectra (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.