Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer is the fourth most widespread cancer among females, with a growing prevalence in recent years. Management by combined therapies along with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have improved patients’ prognoses. Besides, the development of new therapies helps preserve fertility and prognosis in aggressive tumors.
The purpose of this research was to identify the efficacy of metformin on the H19 long non-coding RNA expression in endometrial cancer to provide further insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease.
Methods: A total of 23 patients with endometrial cancer, diagnosed by biopsy or diagnostic curettage, were recruited and divided into three groups, before and after metformin treatment and placebo. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the H19 expression in cancer tissue in all patients.
Results: : It has been observed that in endometrial tissue of the “after-metformin” treatment group, the H19 expression level was significantly reduced, compared with the “before-metformin” treatment group, but not in comparison with the placebo. These findings indicate that metformin reduced the H19 expression in endometrial cancer.
Conclusion: Anti-diabetic drugs, such as metformin, may be beneficial by reducing the H19 expression in endometrial cancer due to the H19 relation to cancer progression.
Keywords: Endometrial Cancer, Non-Coding RNA, H19 Gene, Metformin
↑What is “already known” in this topic
There is an anti cancer property for metformin and H19 LncRNA is a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target in many types of cancers. Metfromin reduces endometrial cancer risk and prevents cell proliferation in preoperative endometrial cancer tissue. Also, metformin oppresses H19 in endometrial cancer tissue samples and decreased expression of H19 prevents endometrial cancer cells from invading and migrating.
→What this article adds
This population-based case-control genetic association study, using Real time-PCR rechnique, shows H19 gene expression can be reduced in endometrial cancer tissue sample as a result of metformin administration which can indicate the efficacy of metformin in control of endometrial cancer progression.
Introduction
Endometrial cancer, which encompasses about half of all cancers in females, is considered th e most common gynecological malignancy. It is the fourth more widespread cancer after breast, lung, and colorectal cancers and the eighth primary reason for death due to malignancy in women in the world (1). The highest level of significance regarding the management of this disease belongs to early diagnosis and influential treatment. Endometrial cancer usually occurs after menopause, whereas it is seen in only 3-5% of women younger than 40-years-old (2). According to the data published about the Iranian population, endometrial cancer has been recognized as the fifth most common cancer of females in the last two decades. It is also the third known cause of female death and the third most common malignancy of the female reproductive system (3). Consistent with the first report by the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of endometrial cancer among Iranian women is not significantly lower than that in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) (4).
Generally, metformin is known as an anti-hyperglycemic medication, and it is used as a type 2 diabetes first line of treatment. However, in recent years, the anti-cancer property of metformin has also become prominent (5, 6). Studies on patients with type 2 diabetes revealed a reduced risk of cancers at many sites, specifically breast, colorectal, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, by using metformin (7). Many clinical studies have demonstrated that metformin decreases cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro, as well as decreases the incidence and growth of tumors in vitro (8). Therefore, it might be used in combination with chemotherapy and radiation to confront cancer (9). Besides, it plays an important role in targeting cancer stem cells and reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as an implication for the acquisition of metastatic characters of tumor cells (10, 11).
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) take the lead in gene regulation, maintenance of genome integrity, cell differentiation, and growth. These RNAs are also downregulated in various human diseases (12). Of the most noticeable is dysregulated LncRNAs, associated with cancer progression (11).
The H19 LncRNA is an oncofetal gene that is placed adjacent to the telomeric region of chromosome 11p15.5 and binds with the neighboring insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-2) gene (13). It is one of the first discovered LncRNAs, which can be considered as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target (14). Ovarian and endometrial cancers are among many malignancies associated with the H19 re-expression, in contrast to most normal adult tissues (15, 16). It has also been shown that the H19 expression is increased in cancer biopsies and plasma of cancerous samples compared to healthy samples; for example, plasma H19 levels are higher in patients with gastric cancer compared to healthy samples (14). Tumor growth can be attenuated by the H19 expression blockage in vivo (17). It is also shown that H19 is stimulated by the oncogene c-myc (tumorigenesis and metastasis driver), and the expression levels of H19 and c-myc are highly correlated in primary tumors of lung and breast cancer (18). However, the action of H19 as a tumor suppressor in an SV40 hepatocarcinoma model (12), papillary thyroid carcinoma (19), liver cancer (20), and prostate cancer (21) demonstrates different H19 expression patterns across different types of cancers and bifunctional effect of H19, emphasizing on its contradictory functions in tumorigenesis (12, 22). Thus, the cancer-specific expression of definite LncRNAs like H19 gives us an essential incentive to consider this new molecular modifier, particularly in endometrial cancer.
Furthermore, reduced expression of H19 was associated with EMT inhibition in ovarian cancer cell line, A2780 and ARK2 cell line, acquired from human uterine serous carcinoma, which could be due to the molecular mechanism underlying metformin ability (23). In addition, metformin inhibits c-Myc by speeding up c-Myc protein degradation (24), and c-Myc directly boosts the H19 transcription (18), suggesting that a positive feedback loop between c-Myc and H19 is disrupted by metformin (23). Given the fact that endometrial cancer is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes (25, 26), a therapeutic metformin dose for diabetes has been considered, specifically as an inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation in patients with endometrial cancer (27).
Based on this information, we hypothesized that metformin could have an inhibitory effect on endometrial cancer cells by regulation of H19 LncRNA expression. Thus, we aimed to show the effect of metformin on endometrial cancer through assessment of the H19 expression level in cancerous endometrium human tissue samples before and after taking metformin at the therapeutic dosage for patients with diabetes, using real-time PCR.
Methods
Patients
In this study, patients referred to the Firoozgar Hospital were recruited. Patients were selected based on direct observation of endometrial lesions by a surgeon during a biopsy or diagnostic endometrial curettage. The study population comprised 13 patients receiving a placebo and 10 patients in the intervention group treated with metformin. At the time of referral, the clinical information of patients was recorded in a questionnaire.
Patients were selected after completing the metformin sensitivity and excluded from the study if they had a severe hepatic impairment, renal disease, heart disease, uncontrolled hypertension, thromboembolism, and history of metformin or progesterone use. All patients in the intervention group received metformin (initial dose, 750 mg/day, up to 1500 or 2250 mg/day) for 3 to 12 weeks until surgery day. Tissue specimens were genetically examined by endometrial curettage right after initial diagnosis (before treatment), and hysterectomy (after treatment), and the placebo group was given designed metformin tablets prepared by Dr. Abidi factory in the dose of 500 mg. Hereafter, we call the three groups NM (taking a placebo or no metformin group), BM (before taking metformin), and AM groups (after taking metformin).
Tissue samples were placed in a 2 ml cryovial containing 1000 µl RNA Later and stored at -80 ° C.
Ethical approval
In this study, detailed medical history and written informed consent were obtained from all individuals. This research project was conducted and approved under the regulations of the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, according to the Helsinki declaration and based on the submitted documents (IR-IUMS-FMO.REC.1398.388).
RNA extraction by Trizol
For each 50 to 100 mg of sample tissue, 1000 µl of Trizol was added, and the samples were homogenized, then 1.5 µl of 200 µl of chloroform was added before vortexing. The samples were then stored for 5 min on ice or at -20 °C, and then centrifuged for 4 min at 4 °C at 12000 rpm. After centrifugation, the supernatant having RNA was transferred to a new vial, and then isopropanol was added. The sample was then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm, at 4 °C for 30 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded and the precipitate was kept for further experiments. Next, we added 1000 µl of 75% ethanol (equal to Trizol volume) and pipetted several times up and down to immerse the precipitate in alcohol, followed by centrifugation for 8 minutes at 4 °C and 7500 rpm. Alcohol was removed in the next step and then the precipitate was left to dry for 10 minutes, and residual ethanol was removed from the wall. Finally, depending on the amount of sediment formed, 20-70 µl of molecular grade water was added.
To evaluate the quality of the extracted RNA, RNA was quantified using a nano-drop, and a qualitative assay was performed to ensure that there was no DNA contamination by electrophoresis on the agarose gel. The presence of 18S and 28S bands and the absence of DNA confirmed the RNA quality on gel electrophoresis.
Complementary DNA synthesis using the Takara kit
The complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using the Takara kit PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit (Perfect Real Time), and all procedures were performed according to the standard protocol. The accuracy of cDNA synthesis was confirmed using the human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) primer and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Evaluation of the H19 expression using real-time PCR
The H19 specific primers were applied, using GAPDH primers as an internal control. In each reaction, 250 ng/μL cDNA was used as a template for Real-Time PCR, and 5 picomoles of each primer were added in a final volume of 20 μl. The reaction was performed using Power SYBR Green PCR. Cycling conditions were an initial step of enzyme activation at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 10 s, annealing at 58°C for 30 s, and extension at 65°C for 1 min.
The H19 mRNA expression was performed in triplicate by real-time PCR, using SYBR Green master mix with the primers presented in Table 1. Data analysis was carried out using the 2-ΔΔCT method.
Table 1. The primer sequences for the H19 real-time PCR analysis.
| Genes | Primer pair sequences | Amplicon size |
|---|---|---|
| H19-F | 5'-TTTCATCCTTCTGTCTCTTTGT-3' | 131 bp |
| H19-R | 5'- CAACCAGTGCAAATGACTTAG-3' | |
| GAPDH-F | 5'-ACACCCACTCCTCCACCTTTG-3' | 122 bp |
| GAPDH-R | 5'- TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG-3' |
Footer For Table 1
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were done using the t-Test and Mann-Whitney test; p-value £0.05 was deemed statistically significant.
Results
The LncRNA H19 expression levels in endometrial cancer samples before and after metformin administration and also in the placebo group are shown in Fig. 1.. Analysis of expression levels in three groups, including NM, BM, and AM groups, showed that in the NM group, the H19 expression (1.6±2.5) was lower than the BM group (1.9±2.2). The H19 expression was significantly decreased in the AM group (0.6±0.7), compared with the BM group (p=0.010).
Fig. 1.
The real-time PCR analysis. Evaluation of the H19 ex-pression level showed a significant decrease in patients after metformin treatment
Discussion
We assessed the H19 expression level in endometrial cancer cells before and after treatment with metformin to enclose its probable effect on endometrium cancer progression. The H19 expression level was lower in the AM group compared to the BM group, suggesting the ability of metformin to inhibit the metastasis in endometrial cancer. We observed the metformin effect on human tissue samples rather than in vitro conditions or animal models, using the therapeutic dose for diabetic patients, regardless of most preclinical studies, using real-time PCR.
For the first time, the researchers noticed the role of metformin in cancer prevention in studies performed on diabetic patients and cancer. Evans et al. reported a lower risk of cancer in metformin-treated diabetic patients and observed that its protective effect increases with exposure to a greater dose of metformin (28). Studies of various types of cancers have shown a reduced risk of cancer in metformin-treated diabetic patients compared to those who did not take metformin (29). The highest risk reduction was reported in patients with ovarian/endometrial cancer by metformin use in a retrospective cohort study (30). The anti-tumor effects of metformin have been associated with different mechanisms. These mechanisms include 1) classic (direct or insulin-independent; indirect or insulin-dependent), 2) immune-mediated, 3) impact on cellular metabolism, 4) epigenetic modification effects, and 5) apoptosis. The impact of metformin on epigenetic modification is exerted through DNA methylation (31).
The therapeutic dose of metformin for diabetes was shown to prevent cell proliferation in pre-operative endometrial cancer tissue for the first time prospectively, in 2014. It was confirmed that metformin intake activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the endometrium, leading to cell growth inhibition indirectly (27). Before that, the impact of metformin on propagation and expression was the main focus of metformin cell signaling in endometrial cancer cell lines (ECC-1 and Ishikawa), which was evaluated in 2010 by Cantrell et al. They found metformin as a powerful repressor of cell regeneration in endometrial cancer cell lines, intervened with AMPK activation, following the suppression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (32).
Metformin has been shown to suppress the H19 expression and increase miR‐29b‐3p in HTOG (ovarian-derived cell tumor), using real-time PCR. It has been also demonstrated that miR-29b-3p could attach to H19, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and MMP-2, respectively, suggesting a regulatory relationship of H19/miR‐29b‐3p/MMP-9/MMP‐2 (33). MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 are known to be related to tumor cell migration (34). Besides, as metformin could increase the AMPK level and decrease the level of mTOR and Akt in HTOG cells, leading to inhibition of cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and protein synthesis (35). Thus, it can be predicted that metformin implies its therapeutic effect through two diverse signaling pathways, AMPK, and H19. The same findings in a rat model of Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), validated the therapeutic impact of metformin on PCOS in vivo (33).
On the other hand, metformin stimulates changes in DNA methylation across the genome by adjusting the function of S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). Cancer cells that are exposed to metformin indicate hypermethylation of genes that are part of pathways, boosting tumor and simultaneous reticence of cell proliferation (36). Zhong et al. demonstrated that metformin provokes the H19 oppression and revises gene methylation in tissue samples of endometrial cancer taken from patients who received antidiabetic doses of metformin. It has been explained that metformin can increase the expression of microRNA let-7 by activating AMPK, causing the H19 LncRNA breakdown, which usually joins to and cancels SAHH hydrolytic activity (36). SAHH is the only eukaryotic enzyme able to hydrolyze S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), a powerful feedback inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases (SAM MTase), including DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) (37).
Furthermore, decreased expression of H19 prevents endometrial and ovarian cancer cells from invading and migrating. Yan et al. confirmed that metformin greatened DNA methylation in the promoter region of H19 to downregulate the H19 expression and thus, hold back tumor cell migration and invasion (23, 31). This is orchestrated by Let-7, which is less available by H19. Let-7 as a tumor suppressor microRNA represses the expression of factors needed for cell growth and mobility and can inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion when H19 is methylated in its promoter region and is expressed less (23). These established mechanistic links between metformin and H19 promoter hypermethylation, leading to its chronic inhibition, is consistent with the reduced H19 level in endometrial cancer cells after metformin administration in the current study.
Other investigations support the antitumor effect of metformin through H19 regulation as well. H19 was confirmed to be downregulated, making it a key component of gastric cancer cell invasion suppressor induced by metformin (22). Moreover, a study of phenformin, the analog of metformin, on the stemness, apoptosis, and proliferation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) in glioblastoma (GBM), concluded that phenformin exerts its impacts on GSC stemness through the upregulation of let-7 expression and downregulation of H19 that further elevate the let-7 bioavailability in vitro, as well as indicating its inhibitory impact on GSC-derived xenografts’ growth (38).
Generally, H19 seems to have the potential as a biomarker of endometrial cancer via predicting cancer metastasis, recurrence, or as a predictor of medicinal reaction because biomarkers selected according to DNA methylation have located promising usages at the practice in recent years. To achieve this goal, it should be able to define risk and identify the early stages of carcinogenesis. Moreover, it can be used to develop drugs more rationally and as a result, improving preclinical and clinical endeavors for patients’ benefit. Here, the direct effect of metformin on H19 is suggested in endometrial cancer, along with other investigations (23, 36). Hence, metformin’s potential therapeutic and chemopreventative action in endometrial cancer is justifiable. The limitation of this study is the small sample size which necessitates the replication of this study with a bigger sample size and application of more complex analysis to reach a definite and more comprehensive conclusion.
Conclusion
In this study, the placebo group showed little effect on the H19 expression level, but in the BM group, the H19 expression level was significantly higher compared to the AM group. The results after metformin administration, in general, indicate that metformin reduced the H19 expression.
Based on previous research and the current study, it can be concluded that anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin can prevent the migration and invasion of cancer cells and directly affect the gene expression in cancer cells by altering DNA. Our results emphasized the impact of metformin on the inhibition of cancer progression in human endometrial tissue and at the therapeutic dose for diabetic patients.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all patients and their families for their contribution. This research was supported financially by the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Faculty of Medicine, according to the approved project, ID number: IR-IUMS-FMO.REC.1398.388.
Cite this article as: Aminimoghaddam S, Fooladi B, Noori M, Nickhah Klashami Z, Kakavand Hamidi A, Amoli MM. The Effect of Metformin on Expression of Long Non-coding RNA H19 in Endometrial Cancer. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021 (22 Nov);35:155. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.35.155
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