Table 1.

Community-level characteristics considered in the analysis

Variable	Description	Source	Spatial resolution
Black and minority ethnic (BME)	proportion of BME population	Public Health England [33]	Middle Super Output Area
Index of multiple deprivation (IMD)	measure of deprivation across multiple domains	Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government [34]	Lower Super Output Area
Young age population	proportion of 12–24 years old eligible for vaccine	Office for National Statistics [35]	Middle Super Output Area
Old age population	percentage of over 65 years old eligible for vaccine	Office for National Statistics [35]	Middle Super Output Area
COVID-19 awareness	rates of COVID-19 mortality	Office for National Statistics [36]	Local Authority District
Urbanicity	Rural and urban classification	Office for National Statistics [37]	Middle Super Output Area
General election	votes for Labours and Conservatives	House of Commons Library [38]	Constituency
EU referendum	votes to leave the EU	House of Commons Library [39]	Constituency
Pre-existing health conditions	asthma, blood pressure, diabetes, depression	National Health Service [40]	MSOA
Vaccine accessibility	estimated based on distance between vaccination sites and MSOA population weighted centroids	National Health Service [41] Office for National Statistics [42]	Middle Super Output Area