Table 4.

Application of natural hydrogel-based bio-inks in the regeneration of several types of damaged tissues.

Tissues or Organs	Bio-Inks	References
Cartilage tissue	Cartilage-derived dECM, mixed with chondrocytes and converted into a photo-crosslinkable hydrogel using methacrylation.	[78]
	Agarose hydrogel was seeded with mesenchymal stem cells.	[67]
	Human nasal chondrocytes with agarose hydrogel.	[69]
	Chondrocytes seeded in nanocellulose–alginate hydrogel.	[63]
	Alginate-based hydrogel embedded with human mesenchymal stem cells.	[142]
	Hyaluronic acid and alginate hydrogel with human articular chondrocytes.	[50]
	Cartilage-resident gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel was laden with chondroprogenitor cells.	[136]
	Nanocellulose hydrogel laden with human chondrocytes.	[66]
	Fibroblasts with nanocellulose-alginate hydrogel	[49]
	Chondrocytes with gelatin-hyaluronic acid hydrogel, bioprinted and crosslinked during the deposition process to obtained sculpted 3D structures.	[275]
	Carrageenan hydrogel laden with chondrogenic cells.	[72]
	Silk-based hydrogel loaded with platelet-rich plasma (PRP).	[300]
	Gelatin methacryloyl-based hydrogels with chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stromal cells and chondrocytes.	[209]
Skin tissue	Fibroblasts with nanocellulose-alginate based hydrogel.	[49]
	dECM-based hydrogel with multiple cell types.	[30]
	Hydrogel based on dECM laden with endothelial progenitor cells and adipose-derived stem cells.	[90]
	Collagen hydrogel with enveloped keratinocytes and fibroblasts.	[91]
	Gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogel laden with human fibroblasts.	[92]
Neural tissue	Human-induced pluripotent stem cells encapsulated within the fibrin-based hydrogel.	[129]
	Schwann cells embedded in methacrylated hyaluronic acid and collagen hydrogel.	[57]
	Fibrin-based hydrogel incorporated with neural progenitor cells.	[126]
	Neural cells embedded within a fibrin-based hydrogel aimed at the modeling of brain tissue.	[127]
Chondral tissue	Human mesenchymal stromal cells incorporated into collagen and supramolecular hyaluronic acid hydrogel matrix.	[54]
	Stem cells embedded within silk-based hydrogel.	[133]
	Surgical printing at a chondral wound site of human adipose stem cells seeded in gelatin–methacrylamide hydrogel combined with methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel.	[301]
	Alginate hydrogel with incorporated human chondrocytes and osteogenic progenitors.	[302]
Blood vessels	Encapsulation of fibroblasts in sausage-like crosslinked hydrogel comprising polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid and gelatin.	[53]
	Vascular smooth muscle cell–laden hydrogel comprising gelatin methacryloyl, polyethylene(glycol) diacrylate and alginate.	[93]
	Multiple cell types embedded in gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel.	[94]
Muscle tissue	Human skeletal muscle cells seeded in dECM-based hydrogel.	[81]
	Progenitor cells seeded in dECM-based hydrogel.	[121]
	Primary human airway and intestinal smooth muscle cells seeded in alginate-based matrix with either collagen or intestinal dECM.	[125]
Bone tissue	Alginate-gelatin-agarose hydrogel laden with SaOS-2 cells.	[32]
	Human osteosarcoma cells seeded in bone-like hybrid hydrogel comprising chitosan and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals.	[85]
	Osteoblast cells incorporated in chitosan hydrogel.	[86]
	Silk-gelatin hydrogel embedded with mesenchymal stem cells.	[297]
Biological engineered tissues	Induced pluripotent stem cells contained in crosslinked hydrogel comprising alginate, chitosan and agarose.	[46]
	Platelet-rich plasma encapsulated in alginate-gelatin hydrogel.	[101]
	Agarose hydrogel mixed with human mesenchymal stem cells.	[70]
	Hyaluronic acid a collagen derivative hydrogel containing human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells.	[102]
Cardiac tissue	Human-induced pluripotent and mesenchymal stem cells loaded with dECM.	[84]
	Alginate hydrogel containing human cardiac-derived cardiomyocyte progenitor cells.	[131]
Periodontal tissue	Gelatin-alginate hydrogel with human dental pulp stem cells.	[122]
	Human primary periodontal ligaments cells with gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogel.	[130]
Renal tissue	Human kidney cells with photo-crosslinkable dECM, chemically modified by methacrylation.	[29]
	Alginate, gelatin and pectin hydrogel loaded with epithelial endothelial cells.	[128]
Adipose tissue	Human adipose-derived mesenchymal incorporated into a gelatin-alginate hydrogel.	[96]
	Human adipose-derived stem cell–laden dECM hydrogel.	[83]
Tracheal graft	Mesenchymal stem cells seeded in fibrin hydrogel, with coated 3D bioprinting polycaprolactone scaffold.	[37]
Vaginal wall	Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells embedded in the matrix, alginate-based hydrogel.	[132]
Breast tissue	Human adipose-derived stem cells with dECM hydrogel.	[99]
Vascular constructs	Fibrinogen-gelatin hydrogel with primary neonatal human dermal fibroblasts.	[303]
Menisci	Silk–gelatin hydrogel seeded with fibrochondrocytes.	[38]
Spinal cord	Collagen-silk hydrogel with incorporated neural stem cells.	[298]