Table 4.
Univariate and adjusted ORs and 95 CIs for having high total cholesterol and high triglyceride levels per 300 mg increase in total calcium intake and calcium from different sources.
| High Total Cholesterol (≥6.5 mmol/L) | High Triglycerides (≥1.7 mmol/L) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Adjusted * | Univariate | Adjusted * | |||||
| OR (95%) | p-Value | OR (95%) | p-Value | OR (95%) | p-Value | OR (95%) | p-Value | |
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| Total Ca intake | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.038 | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.071 | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) | 0.007 | 0.85 (0.73, 1) | 0.054 |
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| Dietary Ca | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.014 | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.091 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.081 | 0.77 (0.59, 1.02) | 0.066 |
| Ca from supplements | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | 0.440 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.235 | 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | 0.022 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.250 |
| Model 3 | ||||||||
| Ca from dairy products | 0.76 (0.63, 0.91) | 0.003 | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.034 | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96) | 0.020 | 0.71 (0.53, 0.96) | 0.025 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 1.16 (0.77, 1.73) | 0.482 | 1.15 (0.75, 1.76) | 0.520 | 1.17 (0.77, 1.79) | 0.456 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 0.647 |
| Ca from supplements | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.509 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.280 | 0.83 (0.7, 0.98) | 0.027 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.283 |
| Model 4 | ||||||||
| Ca from milk | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) | 0.044 | 0.71 (0.48, 1.06) | 0.093 | 0.57 (0.35, 0.91) | 0.020 | 0.52 (0.31, 0.87) | 0.014 |
| Ca from yogurts | 0.78 (0.51, 1.19) | 0.250 | 0.79 (0.49, 1.28) | 0.343 | 0.84 (0.42, 1.69) | 0.633 | 0.92 (0.45, 1.87) | 0.811 |
| Ca from cheese | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 0.173 | 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) | 0.295 | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) | 0.266 | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) | 0.103 |
| Ca from milk-based desserts | 0.10 (0.01, 0.89) | 0.039 | 0.17 (0.02, 1.63) | 0.124 | 2.16 (0.27, 17.64) | 0.471 | 0.68 (0.05, 9.21) | 0.768 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 1.16 (0.77, 1.74) | 0.491 | 1.14 (0.74, 1.77) | 0.553 | 1.14 (0.74, 1.75) | 0.544 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.80) | 0.659 |
| Ca from supplements | 0.96 (0.84, 1.1) | 0.553 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.293 | 0.82 (0.7, 0.98) | 0.027 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.298 |
| Model 5 | ||||||||
| Ca from fermented dairy | 0.81 (0.65, 1.00) | 0.054 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 0.176 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.260 | 0.80 (0.55, 1.15) | 0.222 |
| Ca from non-fermented dairy | 0.64 (0.44, 0.94) | 0.022 | 0.70 (0.47, 1.04) | 0.076 | 0.60 (0.38, 0.94) | 0.027 | 0.53 (0.32, 0.89) | 0.017 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 1.14 (0.76, 1.71) | 0.529 | 1.15 (0.75, 1.76) | 0.529 | 1.15 (0.75, 1.77) | 0.517 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) | 0.643 |
| Ca from supplements | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.513 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.281 | 0.83 (0.7, 0.98) | 0.028 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | 0.297 |
| Model 6 | ||||||||
| Ca from high-fat dairy | 0.85 (0.65, 1.11) | 0.240 | 0.89 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.496 | 0.84 (0.63, 1.13) | 0.242 | 0.73 (0.50, 1.05) | 0.091 |
| Ca from low-fat dairy | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 0.005 | 0.72 (0.54, 0.97) | 0.030 | 0.73 (0.51, 1.06) | 0.097 | 0.70 (0.45, 1.07) | 0.102 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 1.15 (0.76, 1.72) | 0.508 | 1.16 (0.75, 1.78) | 0.504 | 1.17 (0.77, 1.79) | 0.466 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 0.640 |
| Ca from supplements | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 0.543 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.279 | 0.83 (0.7, 0.98) | 0.029 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.286 |
* Adjusted for age, sex, weight, height, smoking status, alcohol intake, dietary energy intake, physical activity energy expenditure and use of medication (statins or other lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antidiabetic drugs). Results are expressed per 300 mg increase in Ca intake (quantity provided by one serving of dairy products). Significant p-values (<0.05) are indicated in bold. All models consider the total amount of Ca consumed. Model 1: Total Ca intake, Model 2: Ca from diet and supplements, Model 3: Ca from dairy and non-dairy sources, Model 4: Ca from dairy sources by subtype, Model 5: Ca from dairy sources by fermentation status, Model 6: Ca from dairy sources by fat content.