Table 3.
Anti-inflammatory effects of PFA on IPEC-J2 cells.
| Stimulant/Incubation Time | Substance | Main Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. T2 (0.002 µg/mL) 2. ZEN (3.184 µg/mL) 3. DON (2.963 µg/mL) POST (24 h) |
Halophyte extracts (Convolvulus soldanella, Eryngium campestre, Galium arenarium, Limonium vulgare and Ononis spinosa) (10 µg/mL) extracted from fresh plant (H2O:ethanol (1:2)) | 1–2.: Cell viability ↑ 3.: Cell viability - 1; 3.: TNF-α, IL-8 ↓ 2.: TNF-α, IL-8 - |
[76] |
| LPS (10 µg/mL) POST (2 h) |
Eugenol (100 µM (16.42 µg/mL)) | IL-8 and TNF-α ↑ TJ proteins (incl. ZO-1 and OCLN), nutrient transporters (B0AT1, ASCT2, SGLT1, EAAC1, PepT1) ↑, redistribution ZO-1 ↑ |
[72] |
| LPS (0.1 µg/mL) and non- stimulated POST |
TCB: Blend of 75% thymol and 25% cinnamaldehyde (0.1 µg/mL) | Permeability ↓, CLDN 4 ↑, Epithelial regeneration ↑, IL-10 ↑; TNF, pIgR ↓ |
[71] |
| LPS (10 μg/mL, 12 h) POST (2 h) |
Polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus (200 mg/kg, 2 h) | Phosphorylated p38MAPK, ERK1/2, NF-κB p65 ↓, IκB-α protein ↑ | [74] |
| LPS (5 µg/mL, 1 h) POST (4 h) |
Berberine hydrochloride (≥98% purity, dissolved in phosphate buffered saline; 75, 150 and 250 µg/mL) | IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α ↓ Key proteins NF- κB/MAPK signalling pathway ↓ |
[75] |
| DT2 (0.296 µg/mL DON + 0.002 µg/mL T-2)POST (24 h) |
Rosmarinic acid (18.016 µg/mL) | TEER ↑, IL-6 and IL-8 levels ↓, oxidative stress ↓, Distribution CLDN-1 ↑ |
[59] |
| LPS (10 μg/mL) POST (1 h) |
Thymol (≥98.5%) (7.511 µg/mL) |
ROS production ↓, mRNA abundance IL-8 and TNF-α ↓ Expression of nutrient transporters -, TEER ↑ Paracellular permeability ↓, ZO-1 and actin staining ↑ |
[70] |
| LPS (10 µg/mL, 6 h), H2O2
(3.401 µg/mL, 3 h) POST (18 h) |
DADS (2.633 µg/mL) and DATS (3.21 µg/mL) | ZO-1 tended to ↑, TEER -, IL-8 ↓ | [73] |
POST—Treatment post incubation with PFA. Concentrations converted into µg/mL for comparative reasons; ↑: increasing effect; ↓: decreasing effect; -: no effect.