Table 5.
Epidemiology of pAmpC-BLs in Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2010–2020).
| Author (Reference) | Year of Population Study | Year of Publication | Country of Target Population | Population (H/C) a | Specific Conditions |
n | AmpC (%) b | Global c | Genetic Identification PCR/WGS |
Most Frequent AmpC Enzymes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | K. pneumoniae | ||||||||||
| Yoo et al. [76] | 2008–2009 | 2010 | South Korea | H | EI | 276 | 1,81 | 16.66 | - | PCR | DHA-1 |
| Yamasaki et al. [21] | 2002–2008 | 2010 | Japan | H/C | EI | 22,869 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.13 | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Singtohin et al. [77] | 2005–2006 | 2010 | Thailand | H | EI | 2,712 | 1.62 | 0.29 | 1.91 | PCR | CMY-2 |
| Mohamudha et al. [72] | 2008 | 2010 | India | H | EI | 175 | 24.57 | 13.14 | 44.57 | - | - |
| Mohamudha et al. [73] | 2009–2010 | 2012 | India | H | EI | 241 | 24.89 | 13.27 | 38.17 | PCR | DHA-1 |
| Manoharan et al. [78] | 2007–2008 | 2012 | India | H | 3GCR | 312 | - | - | 15.38 | PCR | CIT group |
| Matsumura et al. [79] | 2010 | 2012 | Japan | H | ECI | 1,327 | 1.73 | - | - | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Gupta et al. [80] | 2008–2009 | 2012 | India | H | KPI | 100 | - | 32 | - | PCR | CMY-2 |
| Sasirekha et al. [81] | 2008 | 2012 | India | H | EI | 90 | 4.44 | 3.33 | 7.77 | - | - |
| Shafiq et al. [82] | 2008 | 2013 | Pakistan | H/C | ESBL | 511 | 7.97 | 12.37 | - | - | - |
| Azimi et al. [83] | 2013 | 2015 | Iran | H | KPI | 303 | - | 1.60 | - | PCR/WGS | CMY- |
| Hou et al. [75] | 2011 | 2015 | China | H | KPI- MDR | - | 31.50 | - | PCR | DHA- | |
| Liu et al. [84] | 2012 | 2016 | China | H | ECI | 96 | 12.50 | - | - | PCR | DHA-1 |
| Liu et al. [85] | 2012 | 2016 | China | H | KPI | 130 | - | 10.80 | - | PCR/WGS | DHA-1 |
| Ghosh et al. [86] | Data not available | 2016 | India | H | EI | 148 | 16.89 | - | - | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Luk et al. [71] | 2004–2008 | 2016 | Hong Kong | H | KPI | 109 | - | 44.95 | - | PCR | DHA-1 |
| Sadeghi et al. [87] | 2014 | 2016 | Iran | H | EI | 307 | - | - | 21.50 | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Baljin et al. [88] | 2014 | 2016 | Mongolia | H | EI | 478 | 0.41 | - | - | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Noguchi et al. [89] | 2011–2012 | 2017 | Japan | H | EI | 316 | 0.63 | 0.95 | - | PCR/WGS | DHA-1 |
| Khurana et al. [29] | 2013–2015 | 2017 | India | H | GNB | 761 | 0.52 | - | - | PCR | FOX-1/FOX-5b |
| Abdalhamid et al. [90] | 2015 | 2017 | Saudi Arabia | H | EI | 3,625 | - | - | 1 | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Harris et al. [22] | 2014–2015 | 2018 | Australia, New Zealand, Singapore | H | 3GCR | 30 | 17.10 | - | - | PCR/WGS | CMY-2 |
| Nishimura et al. [91] | 2005–2011 | 2018 | Japan | H | EI | 8,299 | 0.54 | - | 1.75 | PCR/WGS | CIT group |
| Kim et al. [92] | 2007–2016 | 2019 | South Korea | H | ECI | 1,047 | 1.52 | - | - | PCR/WGS | DHA-1 |
| Rizi et al. [93] | 2018 | 2020 | Iran | H | EI | 602 | - | - | 9.30 | PCR | CMY-2 |
| Shrestha et al. [94] | 2013–2014 | 2020 | Nepal | H/C | ECI | 2,661 | 9.86 | - | - | - | - |
| Aryal et al. [95] | 2017–2018 | 2020 | Nepal | H | GNB | 226 | - | - | 40.26 | PCR | CIT group |
| Bala et al. [96] | 2018 | 2020 | India | H | ECI | 470 | 11.10 | - | - | PCR | CIT group |
a Type of population studied: Hospital (H)/Community (C). b Percentage positivity for AmpC among all isolates evaluated in the study. c Percentage global positivity that includes species other than E. coli and K. pneumoniae and/or does not differentiate between cAmpC-BL and pAmpC-BL. PCR: polymerase chain reaction; WGS: whole genome sequencing; ECI: E. coli isolates; 3GCR: third-generation cephalosporin-resistant; EI: Enterobacteriaceae isolates; KPI: K. pneumoniae isolates; ESBL: extended spectrum beta-lactamase; GNB: Gram-negative bacilli; MDR: multidrug resistant.