A preliminary study of possible fibrotic role of meprin metalloproteases in scleroderma patients

Abstract

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the possible fibrotic role of meprin metalloproteases and possible fibrotic effects of activator protein-1 (AP-1) in scleroderma patients.

Patients and methods

Between April 2018 and April 2019, a total of 85 scleroderma patients (9 males, 76 females; mean age: 54.9 years; range, 22 to 80 years) who met the 2013 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria and 80 healthy control individuals (10 males, 70 females; mean age 42.9 years; range, 19 to 65 years) were included. Patients’ data and blood samples were collected. Messenger ribonucleic acid expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, AP-1 subunits, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum meprin alpha and beta protein levels were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Meprin alpha and meprin beta protein levels increased in scleroderma patients. The AP-1 subunits (c-Fos, c-Jun), IL-6, and TNF-α increased in scleroderma patients, compared to controls.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence showing that increased meprins levels may be related to AP-1 levels and increased meprins levels may responsible for increased inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 levels. All these data suggest meprins as promising therapeutic targets to restore the balance between inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition in scleroderma.

Introduction

Scleroderma (SSc) is the highest mortality of rheumatological diseases.[1] Disease pathogenesis is still unclear and different factors including genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposures play a role in the progress of SSc.[2,3] Fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) dysfunction lead to SSc.[3] In SSc, the normal tissue process is broken and replace with collagen-rich, stiff connective tissues.[4] Currently, there are no approved specific therapies for SSc. Recent studies have not identified molecular targets or pathways.

Options for managing different clinical signs of SSc are currently limited. Few treatments were published in the updated 2017 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR).[5] However, there are still unanswered questions regarding SSc therapeutics.

Meprin metalloproteases (meprin-α and meprin-β) are associated with a pro-inflammatory activity, leading to ECM remodeling. Their expressions are upregulated in chronic inflammation, some cancers, and fibrosis.[6,7] The major physiological function of meprins is the maturation of fibrillar procollagens I and III via cleavage of the N- and C-terminal pro-domains.[8,9] Recent studies have shown the anti-inflammatory activity of meprins.[6] Also, meprin metalloprotease function depends on their localization. The meprin-β has a role on the apical side of intestinal epithelial cells and it keeps out of bacterial infection.[10] Besides, meprin-β at the mesenchymal site can induce pro-inflammatory stimuli during the inflammation, such as by cleaving the interleukin (IL)-6 receptor (IL-6R) to induce IL-6 trans-signaling.[11] Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that plays a role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The AP-1 has two domains that are c-Jun and c-Fos. They regulate fibrosis process and stimulation and responsible for transcriptional regulation of meprin-β.[7,12] Avouac et al.[12] showed that AP-1 was upregulated in a transforming growth factor (TGF)-dependent manner in SSc.[12] The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 work together. Also, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM-17) extracellular region releases IL-6R and TNF-α. There are new insights into the potential for cross-talk between the TNF/IL-6 interaction.[13,14]

Considering the possible fibrotic effects of the meprins and their relation with AP-1 and some inflammatory markers, we aimed to investigate serum protein levels of meprin-α and meprin-β and the blood gene expression levels of their regulators in the different types of SSc.

Patients and Methods

This experimental study was conducted at Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology between April 2018 and April 2019. A total of 85 SSc patients (9 males, 76 females; mean age: 54.9±12.1 years; range, 22 to 80 years) who met the 2013 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR criteria and 80 healthy control individuals (10 males, 70 females; mean age 42.9±10.2 years; range, 19 to 65 years) were included. Patients who were unable to understand the rules and implications of the study and pregnant women were excluded from the study. All patients had a standardized physical exam including the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) which is a standard measure of SSc by estimating the skin thickness in 17 body areas. The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines and right heart catheterization (RHC) were used to identify pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).[15] PAH was confirmed by RHC, when the mean pulmonary artery pressure was found to be ≥25 mmHg at rest with a mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure of ≤15 mmHg. Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) was defined as new-onset hypertension with a blood pressure of >150/85 mmHg associated with a decrease in renal function or manifestations of malignant hypertension. Joint involvement included arthralgia, synovitis, and/or tendon friction rubs. Gastrointestinal involvement included reflux, dysmotility, constipation, or diarrhea; signs of bacterial overgrowth and/or malabsorption; and abnormal manometry and/or endoscopy test. A written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine (3930-GOA). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

SSc classification and symptoms

Diagnosis and classification of limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) were made according to LeRoy et al.[16] The SSc history, organ involvement (e.g., heart, lung, pulmonary arteries), skin extent, and antibodies were defined by standard criteria.[17]

Blood total ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolation

The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid- anticoagulated blood samples were collected from each patient. Within 30 min, the plasma was removed and centrifuged at 4°C and total RNA isolation was performed using the RNA isolation kit (QIAamp RNA Blood Mini Kit, Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and stored at -20°C until analysis. The total amount of RNA obtained was evaluated with a micro-volume spectrophotometer (NanoDrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometer, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 260 and 280 nm. If the A260/A280 absorbance ratio was 1.8 to 2.0, it was accepted as pure for RNA.

Detection of IL-6, TNF-a, c-Jun, c-Fos messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

Blood samples were used for the detection of IL-6, TNF-α, c-Jun, c-Fos mRNA levels by a qRT-PCR test. First-strand complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) was synthesized from 1 μg total RNA in 20 μL by reverse transcription using a high-capacity cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Reverse transcription reaction consisted of 2 μL Oligo-dT (50 μM), 2 μL of 10 � reverse transcriptase buffer, 0.8 μL of deoxynucleoside triphosphate (25 mM), 1 μL of RNase inhibitor (40 U/μL), 1 μL of MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase (50 U/μL), and RNAse free dH2O, up to a final volume of 20 μL. The cDNA was, then, stored at -20°C for the gene expression study. Real-time qRT-PCR was performed to detect the gene expression of IL-6, TNF-α, c-Jun, and c-fos in blood using SYBR master mix (Qiagen Inc., CA, USA) at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 30 sec, and the reaction was performed using the Rotor-Gene Q, (Qiagen Inc., CA, USA) real-time PCR cycler. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control. The primers that were used are listed below:

GAPDH: F 5’-GTCTCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCG-3’ R 5’-ACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAA-3’,IL-6: F 5’-AATTCGGTACATCCTCGACGG-3’

R 5’-GGTTGTTTTCTGCCAGTGCC-3’ TNF-α: F 5’-CTCTTCTGCCTGCTGCACTTTG-3’

R 5’-ATGGGCTACAGGCTTGTCACTC-3’, c-Jun: F 5’-GAGGAAGCGCATGAGGAA-3’

R 5’-TCCTTTTTCGGCACTTGG-3’c-Fos: F 5’-ACCTGTCAAGAGCATCAGCA-3’

R 5’-CATCAAAGGGCTCGGTCTT-3’

Relative quantification was performed using the 2ΔΔCt method.[18,19] The experiments were performed in triplicate and were repeated twice.

Meprin-α and meprin-β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments

Meprin-α and Meprin-β levels were determined according to manufacturer’s instructions using commercial ELISA kits. The following kits were utilized: Human meprin-α subunit/MEP1A and human meprin-β subunit/MEP1B (R&D Systems Inc., MN, USA). Serum samples were assayed in duplicate and compared to a standard curve using a microtiter plate reader (Synergy HT, Multi-Detection Microplate Reader, BIO-TEK, USA). Based on standard curves, meprin-α and -β concentrations were determined.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS version 24.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive data were presented in mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (min-max) or number, where applicable. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) Sidak’s test was performed to compare the groups. Dual comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. The Pearson correlation test was used. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Diagnosis and classification of SSc were made according to Schmittgen et al.[19] Demographic and clinical features of patient and control groups are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population.

	Patients Group (n=85)		Control Group (n=80)
	n	Mean±SD	n	Mean±SD
Age (year)		54.9±12.1		42.9±10.2
Sex
Female	76		70
Male	9		10
Diffuse type/limited type	32/53
Disease duration (year)		11±7.4		-
Onset Raynaud (year)		6.2±4.1		-
Onset first non-Raynaud (year)		4.2±2.5		-
mRSS		7.0±1.0		-
Digital ulcers (past or active)
Yes	32		-
No	53		-
Calcinosis
Yes	9		-
No	76		-
Joint involvement
Yes	33		-
No	52		-
PAH
Yes	5		-
No	80		-
ILD
Yes	40		-
No	45		-
GIS involvement
Yes	7		-
No	78		-
SRC
Yes	2		-
No	83		-
ANA positive
Yes	80		-
No	5		-
ACA positive
Yes	48		-
No	37		-
mRSS: Modified Rodnan skin score; PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension; ILD: Interstitial lung disease; GIS: Gastrointestinal; SRC: Scleroderma renal crisis; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; ACA: Anti-centromeric antibody.

Figure 1. Disease score in man and woman with SSc.

The meprin-α and meprin-β protein levels were found to increase in the SSc group, compared to the controls (p<0.05) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. (a) Meprin-beta and (b) meprin-alpha concentration in SSc. SSc: Scleroderma; * p<0.05.

The IL-6 gene expression increased in the SSc group, compared to the control group. Also, the AP-1 (c-Jun & c-Fos homolog dimers) gene expression increased in the SSc patients, compared to the control group. The TNF-α gene expression increased in the SSc patients, compared to the control group (p<0.05) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. (a) IL-6, (b) c-Fos, (c) c-Jun, (d) TNF-alpha gene expressions in SSc. IL-6: Interleukin; TNF-a: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; SSc: Scleroderma; * p<0.05.

A positive, significant correlation was found between the mRSS and TNF-α (r=0.459, p=0.000), meprin-α (r=0.307, p=0.006), c-Jun (r=0.580, p=0.000), and meprin-β (r=0.499, p=0.000) (Figure 4). However, there was no significant correlation between the c-Fos and mRSS.

Figure 4. Positive correlations between TNF-a and mRSS, meprin-alpha and mRSS, c-Jun and mRSS, meprin-beta and mRSS. TNF-a: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; mRSS: Modified Rodnan skin score.

Discussion

Current SSc treatment options have limitations, and clinicians simply control symptoms without targeting the underlying pathophysiology. Further researches are needed to develop specific SSc treatments. The investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying SSc has attracted considerable attention in recent years.[20]

In the present study, we investigated the meprin-α and meprin-β protein levels and mRNA levels of related inflammatory molecules (IL-6, c-Fos, c-Jun, TNF-α) in terms of their possible fibrotic effects. Our study results showed that meprin-alpha and meprin-beta play a role in SSc pathogenesis and inflammation.

Previous studies have shown increased levels of meprin metalloproteases in other fibrotic diseases characterized by pathological ECM.[21] Also, collagen maturation supported by meprin-α and meprin-β is upregulated in ECM- accumulated diseases, such as keloids and fibrotic skin tumors.[22] Meprins can break down and process many substrates, including basement membrane proteins, cytokines, cell adhesion proteins, hormones, bioactive peptides, and cell surface protein.[6] Meprin-α expression is increased in a fibrotic skin disease, called keloid, and pulmonary hypertension characterized by the fibrotic condition of the lung.[9,23] In a study in a mouse model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, meprin-β was shown to be upregulated.[24] The same researchers found that, in meprin β-KO subjected to bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, less collagen was accumulated than bleomycin-treated wild type mice.[25] Review of the literature reveals that meprin-α and meprin-β are new players for the processing and maturation of procollagens involved in the fibrosis. The present study is the first to assess the protein levels of meprin-α and meprin-β in SSc. Based on our results, meprin-α and meprin-β protein levels increased in the SSc group, compared to the controls. Therefore, we can speculate that meprins are related in SSc pathogenesis for fibrosis. These are new data for clinical applications of fibrosis-characterized diseases, such as SSc.

The AP-1 is a transcription factor that is a heterodimeric molecule composed of members of the Jun (c-Jun, jun B, junD) and Fos (c-Fos, fos B, Fra1, Fra-2). In their study, Avouac et al.[12] showed that AP-1 was upregulated in a TGF-dependent manner in SSc. Also, AP-1 was found to be responsible for the transcriptional regulation of meprin-β. Meprin-β is an important procollagen processing enzyme and plays a role in collagen deposition.[8,9] Collagen deposition decreases in Mep1-α and Mep1-β mice.[8] Biasin et al.[24] showed that transcriptional regulation of meprin β by Fra2 in primary human smooth muscle cells to be regulated pro-fibrotic signaling via TGF-β.[25]

Meprin has been shown to degrade, induce, or inhibit several cytokines containing IL-1, IL-18, and IL-6, TNF-α.[24] The IL-6 and TNF-α are inflammation markers for SSc. To the best of our knowledge, ILs and TNF-α work together. Meprin metalloproteases inactivate IL-6.[26] The IL-6R is an important signal transducer. It can act via two mechanisms; one of them is classical signaling on the same cell and the other one is trans-signaling after proteolytic release acting on other cells that do not express the IL-6. A study showed that IL-6R was a shedding substrate of soluble meprin-α and meprin-β membrane bound, resulting in bioactive soluble IL-6R.[27] Soluble IL-6R is capable of inducing IL-6 trans- signaling.[27] Also, cleavage within the N-terminal part of the IL-6R stalk region, distinct from the cleavage site, was reported for ADAM10/17.[27] In our study, we observed that IL-6 fold changes by qPCR and we found that meprin-α, meprin-β, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in the SSc patients than the control group. It probably depends on the SSc pathogenesis and these two types activate IL-6, thereby activating soluble IL-6 in ECM. Therefore, IL-6 cleavage by meprins may control IL-6 activity in vivo. Indeed, both meprin-α and β were able to cleave IL-6 into a smaller product, when incubated for a short time, but extensive degradation occurred upon prolonged incubation.[24] Unlike the literature, our results showed that IL-6, TNF-α, and mepris increased, probably depending on the SSc pathogenesis. In our results, TNF-α and mRSS showed a positive and significant correlation. Further researches are needed to investigate the link between meprins and inflammation markers.

The results of the present study showed that patients with SSc had a high gene expression of IL-6, c-Fos, c-Jun, and TNF-α with high meprin-α, meprin-β protein levels. More importantly, we found that increased gene expression levels of IL-6, c-Fos, c-Jun, and TNF-α and increased protein levels of meprin-α, meprin-β were correlated with the mRSS.

Taken together, autocrine TGF-β signaling is one of the reasons for the fibroblast activation in SSc.[28] This signaling leads to upregulated AP-1 levels in SSc. The c-Fos and c-Jun gene expression levels are related to AP-1. Overexpression of AP-1 may lead to the increased meprin levels. This pathology may be related to increased inflammation and collagen deposition in SSc. Also, the positive correlation with meprin levels and mRSS reveals the link between severity of the disease and the levels of meprin.

The main limitation of this study is that we were unable to evaluate SSc skin tissues for meprin-α and meprin-β.

In conclusion, our results confirm that the meprins are overexpressed in SSc. Meprins may be strong candidates being a part of SSc diagnosis, monitoring and, treatment; however, further studies are needed to confirm the underlying mechanism.