1School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Hong Kong, China
3Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong, China
4Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
5Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
6Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
7Emergency Medicine Unit, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
8Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
9Medicines Optimisation Research and Education (CMORE), UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
10Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
© The Author(s) 2022
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.