Figure 2.

ATRA (1 μM) affects the (A) proliferation and (B) survival of SCAP. Seeding density was 5 × 10⁴ cells/mL and ATRA was added at 0 h. Treatment with ATRA increased the doubling time of the culture by 32 h and significantly increased cell death. UDP-4 (1 mM) affects the (C) proliferation and (D) survival of SCAP. Seeding density was 1 × 10⁴ cells/mL and UDP-4 was added at 0 h. Treatment with UDP-4 halts the proliferation of the cell culture but did not affect cell death. ***: p < 0.001, * p < 0.05, n.s.: p > 0.05, and error bars correspond to the standard error of the mean.