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. 2022 Feb 9;10(2):407. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020407

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Key steps in the synthesis of prostaglandins from membrane phospholipid derived arachidonic acid. Phospholipase A2 activity releases free ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA) from phospholipids in the asymmetric plasma membrane. COX1/2 converts free ARA into PGG₂/PGH₂ utilized by specific synthases to form prostanoids—prostaglandins E2, I2, J2, D2, F2α and thromboxane A2 (shown separately). Each of these bioactive metabolites binds to specific G-protein-coupled receptors for signaling. Receptors, specific G proteins (in parentheses) and activated the signaling pathways in a separate box under each prostaglandin. PGI₂, an active metabolite, exists transiently and is metabolized to 6-keto-PGF1α (not shown here).