Table 2.
Summary of ion exposure conditions of discussed studies *.
| Ion | Energy [MeV/u] | LET [keV/µm] | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon | 135 | 38; 55; 84; 91; 94; 98 | Ion species-dependent differences in energy deposition track structures affect cell killing |
[58] |
| 290 | 13; 19; 38; 54; 64; 73; 76; 80 | |||
| Neon | 230 | 45; 59; 77; 105; 132; 158; 177 | ||
| 400 | 30; 44; 58; 77; 105; 127; 156; 184 | |||
| Silicon | 490 | 55; 59; 69; 113; 145; 173; 214 | ||
| Iron | 500 | 200; 260; 300; 350; 400 | ||
| Oxygen | 55 | 77 | Non-targeted effect for chromosomal aberrations in fibroblasts exposed to low-particle fluences | [61] |
| Silicon | 170 | 99 | ||
| Iron | 300 | 240 | ||
| 450 | 195 | |||
| 600 | 175 | |||
| Neon | 400 | 54 | Changes in the gene expression of fibroblasts increased with particle energy |
[63] |
| Silicon | 490 | 55 | ||
| Iron | 1000 | 145 | ||
| Iron | 1010 | - | Exposure of rat keratinocytes to 3 Gy of iron ions increased gene expression profile related to cell cycle which were linked to reproductive cell death | [64] |
| Carbon | - | 110–145 | Pro-inflammatory signals, homeostasis and epidermal tissue organization changes were observed after carbon ion exposure |
[66] |
| Oxygen | 500 | 18 | 3D organotypic in vitro skin model proliferation and differentiation profiles are affected by low-dose ion irradiation | [67] |
| Neon | 300 | 35 | ||
| Silicon | 400 | 60 | ||
| Iron | 600 | 174 |
* Gy, Gray; LET, linear energy transfer; MeV/u, megaelectron volts per nucleon.