Table 1.

Therapeutic agents’ profiles of potential cardiovascular toxicities and drug–drug interactions with cardioactive medications. In the last column, metabolic properties of the agent, responsible for interactions, are summarized. Abbreviations. DDIs: drug–drug interactions, CYP: cytochrome P450, VT: ventricular tachycardia, VF: ventricular fibrillation, LQTs: long Q-T syndromes.

Antiviral Agent	Cardiac Side Effects	Relevant DDIs with Cardioactive Medications	Metabolic Properties
remdesivir (Veklury®)	Pro-arrhytmogenic: bradycardia, T-wave abnormalities, atrial fibrillation, prolonged QT interval, VT, VF, cardiac arrest. Hypotension.	Not relevant.	Minor substrate of cytochrome CYP3A4.
molnupinavir®	Not relevant; mainly gastrointestinal ones.	No substantial risk, lack of clinical interaction studies.	/
nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid®)	Not relevant, paucity of data.	Paucity of data; possible DDIs with amiodarone, verapamil, nilvadipine, nicardipine, lovastatin.	Minor substrate of CYP3A4.
ritonavir (Paxlovid®)	Pro-arrhythmogenic: LQTs, torsades de points, bradycardia, VT, VF, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, cardiac arrest.	Ticagrelor, simvastatin, rivaroxaban, lercanidipine, anti-arrhythmics (dronedarone, encainidie, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine), ivabradine.	Inducer of CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2, strong inhibitor of P450 3A4 and CYP2D6.