Table 2. Characteristics of the sample according to depression status (PHQ-9 score categories).

* A score of 0-4 was classified as no depression while a score of 5-27 was classified as depression (regardless of severity).

PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; GED: General Educational Development; AA: associate of arts degree.

		PHQ-9 scores
Patient characteristics		Depression		No depression*		P-value
		N = 314	%	N = 115	%
HbA1c	≤7%	182	70.9	69	29.1	0.032
	>7%	132	78.2	46	21.8
Age	Less than 65 years	149	74.1	64	25.9	0.930
	65 years and older	165	73.5	51	26.5
Sex	Male	190	78.4	49	21.6	0.193
	Female	124	67.9	66	32.1
Race/ethnicity	White non-Hispanic	119	71.9	61	28.1	0.459
	Black non-Hispanic	67	76.1	21	23.9
	Hispanic	57	84.1	14	15.9
	Other/mixed	71	75.6	19	24.4
Education	Less than high school	46	68.0	22	32.0	0.429
	High school/GED	66	74.1	30	25.9
	Some college/AA	114	70.3	47	29.7
	College graduate or higher	87	80.1	16	19.9
Family income to poverty	≤1.30	56	61.4	30	38.6	0.251
	1.3-3.50	118	70.2	52	29.8
	>3.50	111	79.3	23	20.7
Body mass index	<25	41	86.3	7	13.7	0.071
	25.0-30	101	80.0	28	20.0
	>30	167	69.4	79	30.6
Sedentary lifestyle	<5 hours/day	126	85.4	33	14.6	0.042
	5-10 hours/day	149	70.0	63	30.1
	>10 hours/day	39	63.4	19	36.6
Taking insulin now	Yes	87	71.1	44	28.9	0.491
	No	227	75.0	71	25.0