Interthalamic adhesion in humans: a gray commissure?

Abstract

Interthalamic adhesion is an inconstant part of the human diencephalic neuroanatomy, which some histological studies have indicated it is a gray commissure and others a white commissure. Its presence has been associated with alterations in health status, including schizophrenia, psychotic states, and hydrocephalus. Thirty-one fresh human brains were evaluated randomly, to determine the presence of interthalamic adhesion and its histological composition, by way of lamina terminalis puncture of the third ventricle. Photographic records were taken and histological processes was performed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, in the case of the existence of the adhesion. It was found that 51.71% did present interthalamic adhesion, and on histological examination, no neuron bodies were found in the median part, which implies that does not correspond to a gray commissure, but interthalamic adhesion in humans is variable, with a predominance of glial cells. There is no gray commissure in human interthalamic adhesions.

Introduction

Interthalamic adhesion, or intermediate mass [1-5], may be inconsistently identified in the diencephalon [4, 6-8], as it is located horizontally on the median line [9] and formed by the fusion of the median border of both thalami [10]. Histologically, it is an adhesion of nervous tissue, an element that crosses the third ventricle [11]. It was discovered by Italian anatomist Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771), who called the interthalamic gray lamina union lamina transversa cinerea [4]. It is formed by neurons and commissural fibers, which develop during the fetal period and following birth [12]. Connections are made with the anterior frontal cortex by way of this adhesion [13], although their function is unknown [14]. Jacques Benigne Winslow (1669–1760) considered this adhesion to be a white matter union [15] which corresponds to axons and thalamic oligodendrocytes, which are present in varying degrees. The presence of this adhesion has recorded diverse percentages: 80% of healthy subjects [4], between 63% and 83% [14], 70%–80% [15], 70%–80% [16], 70% [17], 33% in healthy individuals [11], and between 33% in males and 25% in females [17]. Although its presentation is irregular, may occur doubly, in certain cases [17]. Both thalami can be totally fused, but only in cases of brain dysmorphias, such as occurs in holoprosencephaly [18]. Interthalamic adhesion is little related in neuroimaging [19], but there are studies of magnetic resonance, that it extends further in males than in females [20]. In postmortem studies, it has been found that, between 15% and 30% of cases, the structure never develops, as a variation of normality [21]. It may swell throughout various illness processes, a fact which was made evident in the postmortem studies of individuals who suffered from schizophrenia [22], additionally, its absence was more common than controls [23]. In the case of its presentation in individuals with schizophrenia, its absence is more prevalent in male than in female patients [24], and there may be possible correlations between its absence in psychotic states [25]. Further, it has been postulated that interthalamic adhesion may influence patron patterns and cerebrospinal fluid on the cerebral ventricles, and have functional implications for the development of hydrocephalus [26]. Opposite the state of alteration in individuals with illness, it has been correlated to their IQs [9]. The objective of the present work was to analyze in inter-thalamic adhesions the presence of a commissure between adjacent thalamus.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-one fresh brains, from senior cadavers, were dissected, without consideration of sex or ethnicity. The materials utilized were obtained based strictly on the legal medical criteria contained in Colombian Decree 786 of 1990. All principles contained in the Helsinki declaration for medical research were followed, so as to ensure respect for the body parts obtained for the investigation, as well as the confidentiality of the data of the deceased, their dignity, and honest treatment. Inclusion criteria was as follows: not having died from brain trauma, non-presentation of malformations or macroscopic tumor processes which might affect the morphology of the area to be studied, and that they not be the fruit of morphological alterations, owing to the manipulation which followed extraction from the cadaver. The specimens were targeted at the anterior basal region, on the terminal lamina level in the diencephalon, so as to inspect the interior of the third ventricle, and it was retired and histologically processed by hematoxylin-eosin stain, for the evaluation of nerve cells and white matter bridges.

Results

In 31 brains evaluated, it was found in gross neuroanatomy that 15 (48.4%) presented interthalamic adhesion (Fig. 1). The histological study did not find the presence of gray commissure, although certain glial cells, and pyramidal neurons lateral to these, whose soma were oriented longitudinally from posterior to anterior, did demonstrate presence (Figs. 2, 3).

Fig. 1.

Medial view of a median section of an encephalon (diencephalon), with a great interthalamic adhesion (black triangles) inferior to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle.

Fig. 2.

Histological view of a horizontal section of the interthalamic adhesion (zoom ×4) between right and left thalamus in hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Fig. 3.

Histological view of a horizontal section of the interthalamic adhesion (zoom ×20), in which the absence of gray commissure it is notable, but glial cells are distinguished (black triangles), and laterally, soma of pyramidal neurons (white triangles), with anterior to posterior soma orientation in hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Discussion

Interthalamic adhesion has received little attention in the literature [21], although variable percentages thereof are recognized, estimated between 25.0% and 86.7% [3, 4, 11, 16, 17, 27, 28], including a value of 48.4% reported in the present study, which indicates great variable of this diencephalic adhesion. Although this is considered a gray commissure [29], its presentation is controversial, emerging from its first descriptor who called interthalamic gray lamina [15] and a term maintained by some [4, 5]. In gray commissures, neuronal somas must prevail, which was not found in the present investigation, as neural somas were found laterally, and were oriented toward the anterior posterior axis, opposite the direction of the adhesion. This aspect is congruent with indications that the majority of thalamic neurons do not send axons to the contralateral thalamus [11]. This denotes axonal commissure, but not somas; instead, it is performed by a connecting axon bridge [11, 12, 30]. Although its function is unknown [9], as white commissure must transmit action potentials, given that the neurons transport their signals by way of axons [31] between the thalamus, which connects their corresponding median parts [11], perhaps by way of axons, which, following an anterior posterior course, curve toward the contralateral side, or by way of collaterals. Interthalamic adhesion may include glial cell bridges, as shown in this investigation, and perhaps involves the oligodendrocytes that surround axons.

In conclusion, we found no neuronal cell bodies in 15 interthalamic adhesions and conclude that the interthalamic adhesion is not likely to be a gray commissure.