Table 2.

Meta-regression analysis on potentially confounding factors.

Medication	Confounding factor	Estimate	SE	p-Value
Metformin	Continent (vs. America)
	Africa	0.274	0.482	0.57
	Asia	−0.076	0.227	0.74
	Europe	0.096	0.235	0.68
	White race (%)	0.004	0.006	0.53
	Age (years)	−0.003	0.013	0.81
	Male sex (%)	−0.001	0.007	0.87
	HbA1C (%)	−0.100	0.181	0.59
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	0.043	0.037	0.26
	Hypertension (%)	−0.001	0.006	0.87
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	0.001	0.005	0.89
Sulfonylurea	Continent (vs. America)
	Africa	−0.123	0.204	0.56
	Asia	0.075	0.185	0.69
	Europe	0.076	0.158	0.64
	White race (%)	0.017	0.003	0.02
	Age (years)	0.015	0.007	0.03
	Male sex (%)	0.009	0.003	0.01
	HbA1C (%)	−0.753	0.551	0.55
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	−0.045	0.030	0.19
	Hypertension (%)	0.006	0.002	0.01
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	0.009	0.003	0.02
Thiazolidinedione	Continent (vs. America)
	Asia	0.389	0.398	0.37
	Europe	0.182	0.350	0.62
	White race (%)	0.071	0.026	0.22
	Age (years)	0.099	0.063	0.19
	Male sex (%)	−0.001	0.030	0.97
	HbA1C (%)	Insufficient data for analysis
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	Insufficient data for analysis
	Hypertension (%)	0.025	0.008	0.05
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	0.005	0.025	0.87
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor	Continent (vs. America)
	Asia	0.073	1.966	0.97
	Europe	1.452	2.234	0.54
	White race (%)	Insufficient data for analysis
	Age (years)	−0.078	0.067	0.28
	Male sex (%)	−0.090	0.054	0.15
	HbA1C (%)	1.845	1.991	0.42
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	0.108	0.174	0.65
	Hypertension (%)	−0.007	0.027	0.81
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	0.023	0.124	0.86
Glucagon-peptide like-1 receptor agonist	Continent (vs. America)
	Asia	1.707	1.459	0.27
	Europe	−0.004	0.283	0.99
	White race (%)	0.033	0.027	0.30
	Age (years)	0.043	0.021	0.08
	Male sex (%)	0.032	0.010	0.01
	HbA1C (%)	−1.000	0.361	0.07
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	−0.053	0.038	0.25
	Hypertension (%)	0.029	0.010	0.02
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	0.008	0.007	0.32
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor	Continent (vs. America)
	Asia	−0.183	0.247	0.47
	Europe	−0.260	0.243	0.30
	White race (%)	−0.003	0.018	0.90
	Age (years)	−0.005	0.014	0.74
	Male sex (%)	0.000	0.012	1.00
	HbA1C (%)	0.005	0.347	0.99
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	0.087	0.030	0.02
	Hypertension (%)	−0.001	0.006	0.87
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	0.009	0.010	0.39
Sodium–glucose transporter-2 inhibitor	Continent (vs. America)
	Asia	0.675	0.381	0.11
	Europe	−0.500	0.218	0.04
	White race (%)	−0.006	0.017	0.77
	Age (years)	0.029	0.048	0.56
	Male sex (%)	−0.031	0.023	0.21
	HbA1C (%)	0.565	0.128	0.05
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	−0.069	0.107	0.57
	Hypertension (%)	0.011	0.012	0.38
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	−0.008	0.018	0.66
Insulin	Continent (vs. America)
	Africa	−0.217	0.576	0.71
	Asia	0.009	0.285	0.98
	Europe	−0.221	0.280	0.44
	White race (%)	−0.000	0.011	0.98
	Age (years)	−0.032	0.020	0.12
	Male sex (%)	−0.001	0.011	0.97
	HbA1C (%)	0.029	0.347	0.93
	Body mass index (kg/m2)	0.115	0.061	0.08
	Hypertension (%)	−0.011	0.008	0.19
	Chronic kidney disease (%)	−0.002	0.009	0.87

Abbreviations: SE, standard error.