Duration of of Low-Temperature Storage, Clove Topping and Gibberellic Acid on Emergence, Yield and Yield Components of Garlic

Bizuayehu Desta; Kebede Woldetsadik; Wassu Mohammed; Netsanet Tena

doi:10.1155/2022/2998190

. 2022 Mar 24;2022:2998190. doi: 10.1155/2022/2998190

Duration of of Low-Temperature Storage, Clove Topping and Gibberellic Acid on Emergence, Yield and Yield Components of Garlic

Bizuayehu Desta ^1,^2,^✉, Kebede Woldetsadik ¹, Wassu Mohammed ¹, Netsanet Tena ²

PMCID: PMC8970948 PMID: 35370482

Abstract

Dormancy of freshly harvested garlic cloves does not allow early emergence, and preplanting garlic clove treatment is critical for more than one cycle of production in a year. This field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of treating cloves on emergence, growth, and yield of “Tseday” variety during the main cropping season of 2014/2015 and off-season of 2015/16 at Haramaya University. The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination of four (cold stored at 7°C for the duration of 10, 20, and 30 days and stored at room temperature 21°C for 30 days as control), two (whole and topped clove), and four GA₃ treatment at concentration of 0, 125, 250, and 375 mg/l and distilled water treatment as second control laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The three main factors (clove type, cold storage duration, and GA₃) and growing season showed significant influence on phenology, growth, bulb yield and yield components, and all size categories of cloves, while GA₃ showed nonsignificant effect on days to emergence of cloves. Clove type interacted with cold storage duration and GA₃, and cold storage duration interacted with GA₃ significantly to influence all characters of the variety. In addition, the growing season also interacted with clove type and GA₃ to influence all categories of clove size, bulb diameter, average bulb weight, and total bulb yield. The three main factors (clove type × cold storage duration × GA₃) interaction significantly influenced all characteristics of the variety. However, 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves reduced dormancy period and days to maturity by 18.84 and 19.50 days, respectively, and increased total bulb yield by 70.32% as compared to the control treatment. In addition, this treatment combination significantly increased most of the growth and bulb yield components, while the number and weight of small-sized cloves were decreased. Hence, it can be concluded that 30 days of cold storage and topping of cloves without soaking under GA₃ could be recommended to enhance early emergence, good vegetative growth, and total bulb yield of the garlic variety both under rain-fed and irrigated conditions.

1. Introduction

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) belongs to Alliaceae family, and it is believed to be originated in Central Asia (India, Afghanistan, West China, and Russia) and spread to other parts of the world through trade and colonization and used worldwide as a spice, functional food, and medicinal plant [1]. Garlic bulbs have a dormancy period of more than three months. Its sprouting and emergence are controlled mainly by temperature [2]. The early growth stage of garlic is suited by exposure of cloves to low temperature. Such exposure could be achieved using controlled temperature chambers such as refrigerators [3] or planting in a cool growing period, and this treatment is essential for proper development of shoot and good yield of bulb [4, 5].

The chilling requirement for improved bulbing in garlic can be supplemented by low-temperature treatment of mother bulbs prior to planting [6]. Siddique and Rabbani [6] reported that the treatment of mother bulbs at 6°C for 50 days before planting shortened the dormancy period and increased the bulb size and yield of garlic, particularly when the crop was planted late in the season.

Many studies have indicated that the application of growth promoter gibberellic acid can affect the growth and development of bulb crops and total bulb yield [7–9]. The treatment of seed bulbs (cloves) with gibberellic acid solution stimulated sprouting and bulbing and its development [10]. Ouzounidou et al. [11] also found that gibberellic acid promoted the total plant height in onion and garlic by 35% and 25% over the control, respectively. In addition, the number of leaves per plant and fresh and dry weight in both onion and garlic increased significantly under gibberellic acid.

Likewise, bulbs receiving cutting (topping) treatments sprouted earlier and uniformly than whole bulbs in shallot, Allium wakegi, and onion [12, 13]. This could be due to the removal of ABA; a sprout inhibiting substance existed in the removed portion [14].

One of the constraints of garlic production in Ethiopia is scarcity of planting materials since bulbs require the intermediate rest period and, thus, do not suit for immediate use. Hence, preplanting treatment such as low-temperature storage, clove topping, and GA₃ for freshly harvested garlic clove seed would be imperative for easy sprouting and possibility of having two crop cycles per year. However, there is scarce information regarding the effects of these treatments on growth, yield, and yield components of garlic cultivars. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of low-temperature storage, clove topping, and GA₃ on growth, yield, and yield components of improved garlic variety, “Tseday.”

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the Experimental Site

The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Haramaya University (Raare, 505 km east of the capital, Addis Ababa, at 9° 26′ N latitude and 42° 03′ E longitude and an altitude of 2,022 masl) in eastern Ethiopia and done twice during rainy season and under off-season using irrigation in 2014/15 and 2015/16, respectively. Haramaya is situated in the semiarid tropical belt of eastern Ethiopia. The area has a bimodal rainfall distribution; the short rainy season stretches from March to May and the main rainy season from July to September. During the field experiment, the mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures were 8.55/11.85°C and 24.83/25.6°C with 56.23/42.86% mean relative humidity during the rainy season (2014/15) and dry season (2015/16), respectively.

2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design

The treatment consisted of 2 × 4 × x 4 factorial combinations of clove types (whole and topped cloves), cold storage durations (10, 20, and 30 days) at 7°C plus one stored at room temperature and gibberellic acid concentrations ((0 mg/l or nonsoaked and soaked in distilled water), 125, 250, and 375 mg/l GA₃).

Cloves were soaked in distilled water as the additional control treatment, but the results of statistical analyses showed nonsignificant difference with mean values of nonsoaked cloves for all characters; therefore, only nonsoaked cloves are considered as check/control treatment. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications.

2.3. Planting and Agronomic Practices

Experimental plots were ploughed, thoroughly pulverized, and leveled, and ridges of about 20 cm high were prepared. The plot size was 3.6 m² (1.8 m × 2 m). A distance of 1 m between the plots and 1.5 m between blocks was maintained. A garlic cultivar called “Tseday” was used for the experiment. The cloves (2.5–3.0 g) were planted on June 15, 2015, during the rainy season, and on October 15, 2016, during off-season according to the standard planting density of 10 × 30 cm with 20 plants per row. Fertilizer was applied at the rate of 105 N kg ha⁻¹ and 92 P₂O₅ kg ha⁻¹ in the form of DAP and urea with the equivalent amount of 200 and 150 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, where all the recommended rate of DAP was applied at planting. Urea was applied in split, one-third during planting, one-third at active vegetative growth (three weeks after plant emergence), and the rest one-third six weeks after plant emergence as side dressing. Weeding, chemical sprays, and harvesting were done as per the recommendation made for the crop [15].

2.4. Data Collection

Ten sample plants from each plot were randomly tagged from the middle four rows, and data were recorded on the growth parameters of garlic. Growth parameters measured from the sample plants were plant height (cm), leaf length and width (cm), and shoot dry matter (g). Additionally, days to 50% emergence of shoots and 75% of maturity of plants were recorded. Yield components were measured after harvest from each treatment viz. neck diameter (cm), bulb length and diameter (cm), average bulb weight (g), clove number and average clove weight (in number and gram, respectively), total dry biomass (g), and clove size category (in number and gram). Clove size categories were determined as follows: very large (>2.50 g), large (2.0–2.50 g), medium (1.50–1.90 g), and small (1.0–1.49 g) [16].

Total bulb yield was calculated from total plants harvested from the central four rows of each plot and expressed on a hectare basis. To determine bulb dry matter, cloves from five randomly selected bulbs were chopped into small pieces with the help of stainless steel knife and mixed thoroughly, and the exact weight of each sample was determined and recorded as fresh weight. The samples were placed in paper bags and dried in an oven at 70°C until a constant weight was obtained. Each sample was immediately weighed using a digital sensitive balance and recorded as dry weight. Percent dry matter content for each sample was calculated by the following formula:

\begin{matrix} DW = \frac{[(DW + CW) - CW]}{[(FW + CW) - CW]} x 100, \end{matrix}

(1)

where DW = dry weight, CW = container weight, and FW = fresh weight.

2.5. Data Analysis

Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) of the SAS Statistical Package Version 9.2. Combined ANOVA over seasons was computed after homogeneity of the variances of the two seasons for all characters of the variety was tested by the F-test [17]. All significant pairs of treatment means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of Clove Treatments on Phenology and Growth of Garlic

The three main factors (clove type, cold storage duration, and GA₃) and growing season had significant influence on phenology and growth of “Tseday,” while GA₃ did not influence significantly the days to emergence of cloves. Clove type interacted with cold storage duration and GA₃ and cold storage duration × GA₃ interaction significantly influenced all phenology and growth, while growing season interacted with clove type and cold storage duration to influence days to emergence of cloves. All phenology and growth characteristics were significantly influenced by the interaction of clove type × cold storage duration × GA₃ (Table 1).

Table 1.

Mean square for the effect of cold storage duration (DLTS), clove topping (CT), gibberellic acid (GA₃), and season on days to emergence and maturity, plant height, leaf length and width, and shoot dry matter of garlic.

Source of variation	DAE	DTM	PLHT (cm)	LL (cm)	LW (cm)	SDM
Rep (2)	4.7375^ns	51.2791^∗∗	50.0415^∗∗	14.4561^∗∗	0.0602^∗∗	0.1136^∗∗
Sn (1)	1316.0166^∗∗	3580.5375^∗∗	1140.0419^∗∗	1232.1914^∗∗	0.2559^∗∗	21.5303^∗∗
CT (1)	799.3500^∗∗	3352.5375^∗∗	2342.2569^∗∗	1696.3345^∗∗	4.0352^∗∗	23.9595^∗∗
DLTS (3)	1411.5111^∗∗	2022.9152^∗∗	1759.2924^∗∗	1310.4509^∗∗	3.8462^∗∗	16.0165^∗∗
GA₃ (4)	3.2458^ns	2035.0833^∗∗	1568.7495^∗∗	1167.9849^∗∗	2.7001^∗∗	13.5002^∗∗
CT × DLTS (3)	46.8611^∗∗	15.8152^∗∗	26.9672^∗∗	22.5131^∗∗	0.0206^∗∗	0.1001^∗∗
CT × GA₃ (4)	17.9541^∗∗	1655.6833^∗∗	1858.5766^∗∗	1379.3881^∗∗	3.1207^∗∗	16.8989^∗∗
DLTS × GA₃ (12)	7.6847^∗∗	11.8666^∗∗	32.4567^∗∗	25.6409^∗∗	0.0495^∗∗	0.3184^∗∗
Sn × CT (1)	13.0666^∗	1.8375^ns	2.4444^ns	6.0049^ns	0.0004^ns	0.0374^ns
Sn × DLTS (3)	17.6611^∗∗	2.6819^ns	0.3706^ns	0.3204^ns	0.00009^ns	0.0269^ns
Sn × GA₃ (4)	0.0791^ns	0.9541^ns	0.5038^ns	0.6322^ns	0.00002^ns	0.0207^ns
CT × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	11.0208^∗∗	12.9333^∗∗	9.6856^∗∗	8.2097^∗∗	0.0153^∗∗	0.0685^∗∗
Sn × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0569^ns	0.0152^ns	0.0512^ns	0.0968^ns	0.00007^ns	0.0004^ns
Sn × CT × DLTS (3)	1.6666^ns	0.6486^ns	1.3138^ns	2.0167^ns	0.00006^ns	0.0001^ns
Sn × CT × GA₃ (4)	0.2541^ns	1.1708^ns	1.9274^ns	2.0642^ns	0.0001^ns	0.0247^ns
Sn × CT × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.4375^ns	0.0097^ns	0.0982^ns	0.1180^ns	0.00003^ns	0.0001^ns
Error (158)	2.7332	2.8023	2.6927	1.956	0.0034	0.0161
CV (%)	6.02	1.1	3.14	3.63	3.35	3.87

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ns, ^∗and ^∗∗nonsignificant, significant at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

3.1.1. Phenology

Thirty days of cold-stored and topped cloves treated as control emerged about 18.84 days earlier than the control (non-cold-stored, non-topped, and non-GA₃-treated cloves), and plant maturity was reduced by 19.5 days. However, cloves stored at ambient temperature, topped, and GA₃-treated resulted in the longest duration for maturity. The application of GA₃ at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves showed significantly earlier emergence and delayed maturity as compared to 0 and 125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves (Table 2).

Table 2.

Interaction effects of clove topping, cold storage duration, and GA₃ on days to emergence and maturity.

Storage	Topping	Whole clove		Topped clove
Storage	GA₃ (mg/l)	DE	DM	DE	DM
Ambient temperature	0	38.00^a	153.66^f	30.50^bc	150.66^g
	125	37.33^a	153.66^f	30.50^bc	168.83^a
	250	32.16^b	156.50^e	32.16^b	168.83^a
	375	32.16^b	156.50^e	32.16^b	168.83^a
Cold storage (days)

10	0	30.66^bc	150.66^g	28.50^de	144.16ⁱ
	125	30.33^b-d	150.66^g	29.00^cd	165.83^b
	250	29.00^cd	150.66^g	29.00^cd	165.83^b
	375	29.00^cd	150.66^g	29.16^cd	165.83^b

20	0	26.66^ef	144.33ⁱ	22.50^g	137.83^l
	125	26.66^ef	144.33ⁱ	22.50^g	163.00^c
	250	26.16^f	147.33^h	22.16^gh	163.00^c
	375	26.66^ef	144.66ⁱ	23.00^g	163.00^c

30	0	23.83^g	139.50^kl	19.16ⁱ	134.16^m
	125	26.00^f	140.50^jk	20.50^hi	159.33^d
	250	26.00^f	141.50^j	20.50^hi	159.33^d
	375	26.00^f	141.50^j	20.50^hi	159.33^d

Overall mean	Topping	29.16	147.91	25.74	158.61
	Ambient	34.91	155.08	31.33	164.28
	Cold storage	27.25	145.52	23.87	156.72
	Nonsoaked	29.78	147.04	25.16	141.70
	GA₃ soaked	28.95	148.20	25.93	164.25

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Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level, and DE = days to emergence and DM = days to maturity.

Earlier emergence and maturity of cold-stored and topped cloves could be due to the earlier sprouting of cloves and subsequent faster sprout growth. Earlier sprouting by clove topping could be due to the removal of sprout inhibiting substances contained in the removed scale portion as suggested by Lin and Roberts [18] and Wang and Roberts [19] in Easter lily. The substance inhibiting sprouting in the bulbs of Allium wakegi has been proved to be abscisic acid [14]. Similarly, Yamazaki et al. [20] and Teaster et al. [21] also reported that the decrease in endogenous ABA content led to early sprouting. In agreement with this, Arifin et al. [12] reported that bulbs received cutting treatments sprouted earlier than whole bulbs in all accessions of shallot and Allium wakegi.

Solomina [22] and Takagi [2] reported the early emergence of seed cloves stored at 7°C and attributed this to the effect of low temperature in reducing the proportion of growth inhibitors and increase in growth-promoting hormones, especially gibberellins. Silva and Casali [23] also reported that cold storage for 30 and 40 days reduced the dormant period and increased field emergence. In addition, Langens-Gerrits et al. [24] observed that shoot emergence from dormant bulblets of Lilium speciosum occurred more quickly with greater uniformity after a longer chilling (6 weeks) duration at 5°C.

Several researchers have reported the early maturity of garlic and onions after a preplanting low-temperature treatment [25, 26]. The findings agree with the research of Aura [27], Butt [28], Palilov [29], and Khokhar et al. [26] on onions; under low storage temperatures (0–7°C), the vegetative cycle is reduced and bulbing is accelerated, while under high temperatures (18–30°C), both bulbing and ripening are delayed.

Rahim and Fordham [30] also showed that garlic cloves treated with cold temperatures at 5 or 10°C for 15 to 30 days before planting had accelerated maturity of bulbs relative to those stored at 15 and 20°C. This is due to the ability of long cold storage duration to effectively break dormancy followed by early emergence rate for easy stand establishment and initiation of bulbing and thereby ending its physiological activity of growth and development than non-cold and non-topped treated cloves [12, 25, 31, 32].

The earlier sprouting and longest duration of maturity by GA₃ could be due to rapid stimulation of sprouting and vigorous vegetative growth. In line with this, Rahman et al. [33] reported that the sprouting percentage of Allium sativum increased in bulbs treated with GA₃, where the highest percentage of germination was achieved at the concentration of 250 ppm. On the other hand, Rahman et al. [33] indicated that GA₃ treatment at 250 ppm delayed bulb maturity compared with those treated with lower concentrations and nontreated ones. GA₃ delays maturity because of its physiological effects in the stimulation of vegetative growth [33–35].

3.1.2. Growth Characteristics

Storage of cloves at cold temperature for 30 days coupled with topping and no GA₃ application resulted in the highest plant height, leaf length and width, and shoot dry mass. However, cloves stored at ambient temperature, topped, and treated with GA₃ gave the smallest values of these parameters followed by 10 days of cold-stored, topped, and GA₃-treated cloves. A significant increase in plant height, leaf length and width, and shoot dry mass was observed by the application of GA₃ at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves as compared to 0 and 125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves (Table 3).

Table 3.

Interaction effects of clove topping, cold storage duration, and gibberellic acid on leaf length and width, plant height, and shoot dry mass.

Storage	Topping	Whole clove				Topped clove
Storage	GA₃ (mg/l)	LL (cm)	LW (cm)	PH (cm)	SDM (g)	LL (cm)	LW (cm)	PH (cm)	SDM (g)
Ambient temperature	0	34.98^h	1.56ⁱ	48.11^h	2.75^k	40.03^f	1.77^fg	54.03^f	3.41^fg
	125	35.02^h	1.57ⁱ	48.15^h	2.92^j	24.17^l	0.99^m	35.48^l	1.78^o
	250	37.53^g	1.67^h	51.07^g	3.17ⁱ	24.09^l	0.98^m	35.38^l	1.76^o
	375	37.54^g	1.68^h	51.08^g	3.18ⁱ	23.76^l	0.99^m	35.15^l	1.76^o
Cold storage (days)

10	0	38.28^g	1.70^h	51.95^g	3.26^hi	42.94^e	1.96^e	57.42^e	3.81^e
	125	40.03^f	1.77^fg	54.02^f	3.41^f-h	26.96^k	1.24^l	38.79^k	2.03ⁿ
	250	40.19^f	1.78^f	54.22^f	3.43^f	26.97^k	1.21^l	38.79^k	2.03ⁿ
	375	40.20^f	1.78^f	54.23^f	3.44^f	26.97^k	1.22^l	38.80^k	2.04ⁿ

20	0	42.98^e	1.96^e	57.47^e	3.82^e	48.18^b	2.27^b	63.51^b	4.44^b
	125	42.97^e	1.97^e	57.46^e	3.82^e	29.71^j	1.37^k	41.93^j	2.28^m
	250	44.17^de	2.05^d	58.90^de	4.00^d	29.73^j	1.35^k	41.95^j	2.27^m
	375	42.99^e	1.97^e	57.47^e	3.83^e	29.61^j	1.34^k	41.85^j	2.26^m

30	0	46.25^c	2.17^c	61.27^c	4.25^c	56.81^a	2.58^a	72.70^a	5.04^a
	125	45.43^cd	2.14^c	60.37^cd	4.18^c	32.45ⁱ	1.46^j	45.20ⁱ	2.51^l
	250	45.42^cd	2.13^c	60.28^cd	4.17^c	32.43ⁱ	1.47^j	45.18ⁱ	2.52^l
	375	45.46^cd	2.14^c	60.33^cd	4.19^c	32.41ⁱ	1.47^j	45.15ⁱ	2.51^l

Overall mean	Topping	41.21	1.88	55.40	3.61	32.95	1.48	45.71	2.65
	Ambient	36.27	1.62	49.60	3.00	28.01	1.18	40.01	2.18
	Cold storage	42.86	1.96	57.33	3.82	34.59	1.58	47.60	2.81
	Nonsoaked	40.62	1.85	54.70	3.52	46.99	2.14	61.91	4.17
	GA₃ soaked	41.41	1.89	55.63	3.64	28.27	1.26	40.30	2.14

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Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level, and LL (cm) = leaf length in centimeter, LW = leaf width, PH = plant height, and SDM = shoot dry mass.

The increase in growth characters by GA₃ could possibly be due to early sprouting of cloves and proper growth of vegetative parts by GA₃ application that lack sufficient amount of cold temperature exposure [11, 36]. In accordance with this, Ouzounidou et al. [11] reported that 100 ppm GA₃ application after three weeks of germination promoted elongation of onion and garlic plants by 35% and 25%, respectively, over the control. On the contrary, Rahman et al. [37] reported that plant height decreased with increased concentration of GA₃ to 200 ppm spry application. Rahman et al. [33] reported a difference result that showed nonsignificant effect of GA₃ on plant height and enhanced initiation and development of garlic leaf growth.

The significant increase in growth characters by clove topping and cold storage could possibly be due to early sprouting of cloves, which enabled proper vegetative growth. Such an increase in vegetative growth by topping [38, 39] and cool temperature [4, 5] resulted in increased leaf growth of the plant. In agreement with this, Dutcher and Powell [40] and Singha and Powell [41], who used apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv Northern Spy) buds, found that ABA inhibited bud break and shoot elongation.

Satin and Lopez [25] indicated that bulbs that received low-temperature storage had increased plant growth compared with nontreated counterparts. Lucidos et al. [42] also showed that exposure of bulbs to 4°C for 65 days promoted stem elongation in Lilium hansonii. In addition, Kurtar and Ayan [43] reported that exposure of tulips to low temperature increased the production of gibberellins and auxins, which were necessary for stalk elongation.

3.2. Effect of Clove Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Garlic

The growing season and the three main factors significantly influenced bulb yield and yield components of “Tseday” variety. Clove type interacted with cold storage duration and GA₃ to influence all bulb yield and yield components of the variety. Interaction of growing season × clove type and growing season × GA₃ significantly influenced bulb diameter, average bulb weight, and total bulb yield. In addition, the interaction of growing season × cold storage duration significantly influenced bulb diameter and average clove weight. All bulb yield and yield components of the variety were significantly influenced by the interaction of clove type × cold storage duration × GA₃, while bulb diameter, average bulb weight, and total bulb yield were significantly influenced by the interaction of season × clove type × GA₃ (Table 4).

Table 4.

Mean square for the effect of cold storage duration (DLTS), clove topping (CT), gibberellic acid (GA₃), and season on clove number per bulb, average clove weight, average bulb weight, bulb dry matter percentage, total bulb yield, neck diameter, bulb length, diameter, and total dry biomass of garlic.

Source of variation	CLNPB	ACW	ABW	BDP	TBY	ND (cm)	BL	BD	TDB
Rep (2)	2.6305^∗∗	0.0744^∗∗	30.9063^∗∗	24.1559^∗∗	3.7346^∗∗	0.01074^∗∗	0.0876^∗∗	1.9194^∗∗	4.3936^∗∗
Sn (1)	28.7110^∗∗	0.0510^∗∗	746.1252^∗∗	492.0570^∗∗	96.0596^∗∗	2.08702^∗∗	12.9360^∗∗	11.0834^∗∗	358.3713^∗∗
CT (1)	26.6067^∗∗	2.9173^∗∗	1546.3757^∗∗	355.7078^∗∗	189.0729^∗∗	0.34527^∗∗	13.0803^∗∗	19.0482^∗∗	394.8893^∗∗
DLTS (3)	25.2600^∗∗	0.7188^∗∗	828.9191^∗∗	284.9727^∗∗	93.0085^∗∗	0.24518^∗∗	10.8793^∗∗	15.7129^∗∗	341.6285^∗∗
GA₃ (4)	22.1964^∗∗	0.9411^∗∗	858.4323^∗∗	242.9432^∗∗	97.3249^∗∗	0.21279^∗∗	9.3321^∗∗	13.4052^∗∗	296.8911^∗∗
CT × DLTS (3)	0.8397^∗∗	0.0181^∗∗	9.2643^∗∗	1.7948^∗∗	0.8825^∗∗	0.00372^∗∗	0.0706^∗∗	0.1124^∗∗	2.2605^∗∗
CT × GA₃ (4)	26.5302^∗∗	1.0811^∗∗	996.9291^∗∗	271.5802^∗∗	112.7276^∗∗	0.25592^∗∗	10.2841^∗∗	14.8878^∗∗	345.4027^∗∗
DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.8267^∗∗	0.0042^∗∗	17.7893^∗∗	5.6298^∗∗	1.7253^∗∗	0.00350^∗∗	0.2291^∗∗	0.3342^∗∗	10.6196^∗∗
Sn × CT (1)	0.0182^ns	0.0015^ns	33.1448^∗∗	0.0100^ns	7.5776^∗∗	0.00031^ns	0.0296^ns	0.1219^∗∗	0.7627^∗
Sn × DLTS (3)	0.0600^ns	0.0032^∗	0.7235^ns	0.0692^ns	0.2263^ns	0.00013^ns	0.0238^ns	0.1014^∗∗	0.0190^ns
Sn × GA₃ (4)	0.0474^ns	0.0006^ns	8.5163^∗∗	0.0125^ns	1.8416^∗∗	0.00005^ns	0.0219^ns	0.0944^∗∗	0.1511^ns
CT × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.5242^∗∗	0.0040^∗∗	5.4572^∗∗	1.7699^∗∗	0.4474^∗∗	0.00109^∗	0.0741^∗∗	0.1042^∗∗	4.0534^∗∗
Sn × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0036^ns	0.00006^ns	0.1090^ns	0.0229^ns	0.0361^ns	0.00003^ns	0.0005^ns	0.0021^ns	0.0150^ns
Sn × CT × DLTS (3)	0.0001^ns	0.0008^ns	0.2304^ns	0.0100^ns	0.1696^ns	0.00010^ns	0.0001^ns	0.0007^ns	0.0686^ns
Sn × CT × GA₃ (4)	0.0530^ns	0.0013^ns	7.8289^∗∗	0.0167^ns	1.7197^∗∗	0.00009^ns	0.0228^ns	0.0985^∗∗	0.1183^ns
Sn × CT × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0023^ns	0.00004^ns	0.0253^ns	0.0164^ns	0.0055^ns	0.00008^ns	0.0001^ns	0.0007^ns	0.0064^ns
Error (158)	0.0664	0.001	0.7679	0.2899	0.09	0.0005	0.0109	0.0162	0.1876
CV (%)	3.06	1.31	3.52	1.82	3.37	2.14	3.45	3.45	3.65

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ns, ^∗and ^∗∗nonsignificant, significant at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

3.2.1. Bulb Characteristics

The highest neck diameter, bulb length and diameter, and average bulb weight were recorded from 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves treated with no GA₃. However, cloves stored at ambient temperature, topped, and treated by GA₃ gave the smallest values of these parameters followed by 10 days of cold-stored, topped, and GA₃-treated cloves (Figures 1–3 and Table 5). These bulb characters were also significantly increased by treating with GA₃ at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves as compared to 0 and 125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves (Table 5). In addition, significantly higher values of these characters were also observed from 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves with no GA₃ as compared to 30 days of cold-stored and non-topped cloves with no GA₃ treatment (Figures 1, 3–5 and Table 5).

Topped clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 0 mg/l GA₃ (2 months after planting).

Topped clove, ambient temperature stored, and 375 mg/l GA₃ (after harvesting).

Topped clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 0 mg/l GA₃ (after harvesting).

Table 5.

Neck diameter, bulb length and diameter, and average bulb weight of garlic cloves as influenced by the interaction effects of clove topping, cold storage duration, and gibberellic acid.

Storage	Topping	Whole clove				Topped clove
Storage	GA₃ (mg/l)	BL(cm)	BD (cm)	ABW (g)	ND (cm)	BL(cm)	BD (cm)	ABW (g)	ND (cm)
Ambient temperature	0	2.69^j	3.26ⁱ	22.14ⁱ	1.01ⁱ	3.14^h	3.80^g	26.31^fg	1.09^fg
	125	2.71^j	3.29ⁱ	22.45ⁱ	1.02ⁱ	1.81ⁿ	2.20^m	12.98^m	0.85^m
	250	2.91ⁱ	3.53^h	24.36^h	1.05^h	1.79ⁿ	2.18^m	12.83^m	0.86^m
	375	2.92ⁱ	3.54^h	24.38^h	1.05^h	1.79ⁿ	2.19^m	12.96^m	0.85^m
Cold storage (days)

10	0	3.07^h	3.72^g	25.31^gh	1.06^gh	3.40^g	4.11^f	28.76^e	1.12^e
	125	3.15^h	3.82^g	26.47^f	1.08^fg	2.01^m	2.44^l	14.89^l	0.90^l
	250	3.15^h	3.84^g	26.58^f	1.09^f	2.02^m	2.45^l	14.91^l	0.90^l
	375	3.16^h	3.84^g	26.62^f	1.09^f	2.02^m	2.46^l	14.94^l	0.91^l

20	0	3.38^g	4.10^f	28.95^e	1.12^e	3.94^b	4.76^b	33.00^b	1.19^b
	125	3.39^g	4.11^f	28.99^e	1.12^e	2.27^l	2.75^k	16.95^k	0.94^k
	250	3.54^f	4.29^e	30.03^d	1.14^de	2.27^l	2.77^k	16.97^k	0.94^k
	375	3.38^g	4.10^f	28.98^e	1.12^e	2.28^l	2.78^k	16.96^k	0.95^k

30	0	3.81^cd	4.61^c	31.77^c	1.17^bc	4.64^a	5.60^a	39.43^a	1.29^a
	125	3.69^e	4.47^d	30.90^cd	1.16^cd	2.48^k	3.00^j	18.91^j	0.98^j
	250	3.68^e	4.46^d	31.06^c	1.16^cd	2.49^k	3.02^j	18.92^j	0.98^j
	375	3.70^de	4.48^cd	31.09^c	1.16^cd	2.48^k	3.02^j	18.95^j	0.99^j

Overall mean	Topping	3.27	3.96	27.50	1.10	2.55	3.09	19.92	0.98
	Ambient	2.81	3.40	23.33	1.03	2.13	2.59	16.27	0.91
	Cold storage	3.42	4.15	28.89	1.12	2.69	3.26	21.13	1.01
	Nonsoaked	3.24	3.92	27.04	1.09	3.78	4.57	31.87	1.17
	GA₃ soaked	3.28	3.98	27.66	1.10	2.14	2.60	15.93	0.92

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Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level, and ND = neck diameter, BL = bulb length, BW = bulb diameter, and ABW = average bulb weight.

Whole clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 0 mg/l GA₃ (2 months after planting).

Whole clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 0 mg/l GA₃ (after harvesting).

The increase in bulb size by low temperature could be due to the increase in auxin and GA₃ production that in turn stimulates clove differentiation and development of larger bulbs [44]. In line with this, several authors reported that low temperature before planting the cloves increased the bulb size of garlic that eventually reflected in bulb length and diameter [6, 25, 45, 46].

The increase in bulb characters due to cold storage, topping, and GA₃ could be the results of early emergence and an increase in the vegetative growth status before moisture and nutrient reserves dwindle. The vigorous vegetative growth accumulates more net photosynthates, which are then translocated to bulbs forming larger bulbs.

In agreement with the present result, Rahman et al. [33] and Ade-Ademilua et al. [5] reported that the pretreatment of garlic cloves with cold temperature and GA₃ could have helped the plants to improve their ability to use available growth resources, moisture, and nutrients.

3.2.2. Clove Characteristics

Preplant cold treatment of cloves for 30 days and topping with no GA₃ application resulted in the highest number of cloves per bulb, while average clove weight was significantly higher for 30 and 20 days of cold-stored and topped cloves treated with no GA₃. Clove number and average clove weight were significantly increased by the application of GA₃ at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves as compared to 0 and125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves (Table 6).

Table 6.

Clove number and average clove weight of garlic cloves as influenced by the interaction effects of clove topping, cold storage duration, and gibberellic acid.

Storage	Topping	Whole clove		Topped clove
Storage	GA₃ (mg/l)	CN	ACW (g)	CN	ACW (g)
Ambient temperature	0	7.89^g	2.43^l	8.53^e	2.60^gh
	125	7.89^g	2.44^l	6.61^m-o	2.11^pq
	250	8.20^f	2.52^k	6.54^o	2.10^q
	375	8.21^f	2.53^jk	6.58^no	2.11^pq
Cold storage (days)

10	0	8.42^ef	2.56^ij	8.99^d	2.67^f
	125	8.59^e	2.61^g	6.88^lm	2.13^o-q
	250	8.61^e	2.62^g	6.87^mn	2.14^op
	375	8.62^e	2.62^g	6.87^mn	2.15^o

20	0	9.00^d	2.69^f	9.68^b	2.80^ab
	125	9.00^d	2.70^ef	7.21^i-k	2.23ⁿ
	250	9.25^cd	2.71^d-f	7.20^jk	2.23ⁿ
	375	9.00^d	2.70^ef	7.17^kl	2.24ⁿ

30	0	9.37^c	2.78^bc	11.26^a	2.81^a
	125	9.32^c	2.73^de	7.51^h	2.30^m
	250	9.37^c	2.74^d	7.50^hi	2.31^m
	375	9.37^c	2.75^cd	7.49^h-j	2.32^m

Overall mean	Topping	8.75	2.63	7.68	2.33
	Ambient	8.05	2.48	7.06	2.23
	Cold storage	8.99	2.68	7.88	2.36
	Nonsoaked	8.67	2.61	9.61	2.72
	GA₃ soaked	8.78	2.64	7.03	2.20

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Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level, and CN = clove number and ACW = average clove weight.

The increase in clove number and weight due to GA₃ [10], cold storage [25, 44, 45], and clove topping might be due to the earliest sprouting and the subsequent development of large bulbs caused by vigorous vegetative growth [47]. On the contrary, Rahim and Fordham [48] and Youssef [46] reported that preplant cold treatment of cloves reduced the number of cloves per bulb.

3.2.3. Bulb Dry Matter Percentage and Total Dry Biomass

Cloves cold stored for 30 days, topped, and with no GA₃ treatment resulted in the highest bulb dry matter percentage and total dry biomass. However, cloves stored at ambient temperature, topped, and treated by GA₃ gave the smallest values of these parameters.

The application of GA₃ at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves showed a significant increase in bulb dry matter percentage and total dry biomass as compared to 0 and 125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves (Table 7).

Table 7.

Bulb dry matter, total dry biomass, and total bulb yield of garlic cloves as influenced by the interaction effects of clove topping, cold storage duration, and gibberellic acid.

Storage	Topping	Whole clove			Topped clove
Storage	GA₃ (mg/l)	BDM (%)	TDB (g)	TBY (t/ha)	BDM (%)	TDB (g)	TBY (t/ha)
Ambient temperature	0	27.77^j	9.74^k	8.02^h	30.17^h	12.34^h	9.43^f
	125	27.95^j	10.06^k	8.17^h	23.25ⁿ	5.19^o	4.73^l
	250	28.94ⁱ	11.14^j	8.80^g	23.10ⁿ	5.12^o	4.70^l
	375	28.93ⁱ	11.15^j	8.80^g	23.12ⁿ	5.16^o	4.72^l
Cold storage (days)

10	0	29.75^h	11.76ⁱ	9.07^g	31.36^g	13.92^g	10.22^e
	125	30.16^h	12.39^h	9.45^f	24.28^m	6.28ⁿ	5.52^k
	250	30.22^h	12.46^h	9.48^f	24.27^m	6.29ⁿ	5.53^k
	375	30.24^h	12.49^h	9.49^f	24.36^m	6.32ⁿ	5.53^k

20	0	31.39^g	13.99^g	10.27^e	34.17^bc	16.95^bc	11.53^b
	125	31.43^g	14.01^g	10.28^e	25.58^l	7.32^m	6.23^j
	250	32.15^f	14.78^f	10.63^d	25.60^l	7.33^m	6.24^j
	375	31.37^g	14.00^g	10.28^e	25.68^l	7.33^m	6.23^j

30	0	33.59^cd	16.11^cd	11.25^bc	37.49^a	21.29^a	13.66^a
	125	32.96^e	15.53^e	10.96^cd	26.68^k	8.34^l	6.91ⁱ
	250	32.95^e	15.58^e	10.98^c	26.76^k	8.37^l	6.90ⁱ
	375	32.98^de	15.61^e	10.99^c	26.72^k	8.38^l	6.92ⁱ

Overall mean	Topping	30.80	13.17	9.81	27.04	9.12	7.19
	Ambient	28.40	10.52	8.45	24.91	6.95	5.89
	Cold storage	31.60	14.06	10.26	27.74	9.84	7.62
	Nonsoaked	30.62	12.90	9.65	33.30	16.12	11.21
	GA₃ soaked	30.86	13.27	9.86	24.95	6.78	5.85

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Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level, and BDM = bulb dry matter, TDB = total dry biomass, and TBY = total bulb yield.

The higher bulb dry matter percentage and total dry biomass by low temperature could be due to the vigorous vegetative growth that accumulates more net photosynthates, which are then translocated to bulbs and forming a higher dry matter accumulation in the bulbs. In line with this, Qaryouti and Kasrawi [47] reported that higher dry weight of bulbs was produced from cloves stored at 0 or 10°C than those stored at room temperature (17–22°C) as a result of the vigorous vegetative growth. De Klerk [49] also reported lower values of dry weight of lily bulbs exposed to 15°C than 4°C.

The increase in total dry biomass and bulb dry matter percentage by GA₃ could possibly be due to the early breakdown of clove dormancy and its effect on cell division and elongation, which enhanced shoot growth. In addition, Daykin et al. [34], Hisamatsu et al. [35], and Rahman et al. [33] reported that the application of GA₃ stimulated vegetative growth, which could increase the dry matter content of bulbs. Rahman et al. [37] also reported that the spray application of GA₃ significantly increased total dry biomass.

The increase in total dry biomass and bulb dry matter percentage by cold treatment [4, 5] and topping [38, 39] might be due to earlier sprouting and the subsequent vigorous vegetative growth of the plant, which increased dry mass of the plant.

3.2.4. Total Bulb Yield

The highest bulb yield was recorded from 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves treated with no GA₃ treatment followed by 20 days of cold-stored and topped cloves treated with no GA₃ application. However, cloves stored at ambient temperature, topped, and treated by GA₃ gave the smallest total bulb yield followed by 10 days of cold-stored, topped, and GA₃-treated cloves (Figures 1–3 and Table 7).

A significant increase in total bulb yield was observed by the application of GA₃ at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves compared with 0 and 125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves (Table 7). A significantly higher value of total bulb yield was also recorded from 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves with no GA₃ treatment as compared to 30 days of cold-stored and non-topped cloves with no GA₃ treatment (Figures 1, 3–5 and Table 7). In addition, a significantly higher value of bulb yield was observed from 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves with no GA₃ treatment as compared to 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves with all rates of GA₃ treatment (Figures 1, 3, 6–8 and Table 7). The increase in total bulb yield by GA₃ could be attributed to the positive impact of optimum concentrations of GA₃ on vegetative growth that resulted in higher bulb yield. In agreement with this, Rahman et al. [33] reported that the application of GA₃ stimulated vegetative growth, which could increase the bulb yield of garlic.

Topped clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 125 mg/l GA₃ (after harvesting).

Topped clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 250 mg/l GA₃ (after harvesting).

Topped clove, 30 days of cold storage, and 375 mg/l GA₃ (after harvesting).

The production of higher yields from seed cloves stored at 7°C and topped may be due to the development of higher vegetative growth, measured as plant height and leaf number, before initiation of bulbing as compared to lower vegetative growth obtained from seed cloves stored at room temperature. Plants need to achieve adequate growth before bulbing commences, so that the foliage can produce large bulbs and high yields [50, 51]. Satin and Lopez [25] reported that total bulb yield was higher when cloves were stored at 0°C and 7°C for 30 days than cloves stored at 25°C for 30 days. Bhuiya et al. [4] also reported that low-temperature exposure is essential for proper development of shoot and good yield of bulb.

In addition, Bandara et al. [52] found that increasing the chilling treatment (4°C) period up to 45 days prior to field planting increased the bulb yield, while a further increase in the treatment period reduced the yield. However, there are many contradictions on the effect of the preplanting low-temperature treatment on garlic yield; some researchers have reported increases [53], while others have observed no significant differences [54]; still, others have reported depressive effects [55].

3.3. Effect of Clove Treatments on Clove Sizes of Garlic

The growing season, three main factors, the interaction of clove type with cold storage duration and GA₃, and the interaction of cold storage duration and GA₃ significantly influenced all categories of the clove size of the variety. In addition, the interaction of growing season and clove type significantly influenced cloves under large (in number basis), and very large and small size (in weight basis) categories. The growing season also interacted with cold storage duration to affect significantly large and very large cloves, while it interacted with GA₃ and with clove type × GA₃ significantly influenced cloves under large size category on weight basis. All categories of the clove size of the variety were significantly influenced by the interaction of clove type × cold storage duration × GA₃ (Table 8).

Table 8.

Mean square for the effect of clove topping (CT), cold storage duration (DLTS), gibberellic acid (GA₃), and season on clove size category of garlic (in number and weight, respectively).

Source of variation	Small	Medium	Large	Very large	Small	Medium	Large	Very large
Rep (2)	0.1350^∗∗	0.3522^∗∗	1.4701^∗∗	0.1509^∗∗	0.4215^∗∗	1.2288^∗∗	7.6652^∗∗	5.7791^∗∗
Sn (1)	0.6510^∗∗	1.3665^∗∗	4.1475^∗∗	1.8113^∗∗	3.2199^∗∗	5.0375^∗∗	19.9085^∗∗	11.8686^∗∗
CT (1)	26.7333^∗∗	13.3528^∗∗	20.8565^∗∗	4.4417^∗∗	54.2078^∗∗	42.3494^∗∗	115.6433^∗∗	224.4736^∗∗
DLTS (3)	12.2251^∗∗	7.7626^∗∗	14.8367^∗∗	3.5035^∗∗	25.3350^∗∗	24.8293^∗∗	82.9468^∗∗	122.0499^∗∗
GA₃ (4)	10.7194^∗∗	7.5301^∗∗	13.0730^∗∗	2.6423^∗∗	22.0579^∗∗	24.0765^∗∗	72.7908^∗∗	122.6774^∗∗
CT × DLTS (3)	0.1174^∗∗	0.0828^∗∗	0.3055^∗∗	0.2176^∗∗	0.2367^∗∗	0.2523^∗∗	1.6442^∗∗	1.1200^∗∗
CT × GA₃ (4)	11.9894^∗∗	8.6413^∗∗	15.5421^∗∗	2.9960^∗∗	24.7344^∗∗	27.6949^∗∗	87.0224^∗∗	140.8317^∗∗
DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0670^∗∗	0.1688^∗∗	0.2553^∗∗	0.0430^∗∗	0.1426^∗∗	0.5481^∗∗	1.4120^∗∗	2.6263^∗∗
Sn × CT (1)	0.0010^ns	0.0105^ns	0.0555^ns	0.0292^∗∗	0.1516^∗	0.0921^ns	0.5805^∗	0.1116^ns
Sn × DLTS (3)	0.00004^ns	0.0102^ns	0.0445^ns	0.0047^ns	0.0306^ns	0.0537^ns	0.3960^∗	0.4609^∗
Sn × GA₃ (4)	0.0004^ns	0.0087^ns	0.0361^ns	0.0038^ns	0.0377^ns	0.0462^ns	0.3324^∗	0.1948^ns
CT × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0827^∗∗	0.0399^∗∗	0.0809^∗∗	0.0317^∗∗	0.1622^∗∗	0.1302^∗∗	0.4484^∗∗	0.6622^∗∗
Sn × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0001^ns	0.0003^ns	0.0011^ns	0.0001^ns	0.0005^ns	0.0014^ns	0.0096^ns	0.0155^ns
Sn × CT × DLTS (3)	0.00004^ns	0.0009^ns	0.0003^ns	0.0003^ns	0.0004^ns	0.0051^ns	0.0065^ns	0.0504^ns
Sn × CT × GA₃ (4)	0.0004^ns	0.0098^ns	0.0491^ns	0.0069^ns	0.0389^ns	0.0537^ns	0.4248^∗∗	0.2375^ns
Sn × CT × DLTS × GA₃ (12)	0.0001^ns	0.0002^ns	0.0002^ns	0.0002^ns	0.0016^ns	0.0006^ns	0.0024^ns	0.0035^ns
Error (158)	0.0173	0.0088	0.0206	0.0032	0.0347	0.0263	0.1117	0.1288
CV (%)	9.11	6.88	3.65	3.39	9.14	6.78	3.62	4.6

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ns, ^∗and ^∗∗nonsignificant, significant at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

Planting of 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves treated with no GA₃ showed the smallest number and weight of small-sized cloves per bulb. On the other hand, the same treatment resulted in the highest number and weight of medium-sized, large-sized, and very large-sized cloves per bulb. Cloves stored at ambient temperature, topped, and GA₃-treated recorded the highest number and weight of small-sized cloves and the lowest number and weight of medium-sized, large-sized, and very large-sized cloves per bulb (Tables 9, 10).

Table 9.

Interaction effects of cold storage duration, clove topping, and gibberellic acid on clove size category based on number.

Storage	Topping	Whole clove				Topped clove
Storage	GA₃ (mg/l)	Small	Medium	Large	Very large	Small	Medium	Large	Very large
Ambient	0	1.72^e	1.04^j	3.59ⁱ	1.54^h	1.18^g	1.49^gh	4.10^fg	1.76^f
	125	1.72^e	1.04^j	3.59ⁱ	1.54^h	3.23^a	0.28ⁿ	2.35^m	0.74^l
	250	1.45^f	1.27ⁱ	3.84^h	1.65^g	3.19^a	0.26ⁿ	2.35^m	0.74^l
	375	1.45^f	1.27ⁱ	3.84^h	1.65^g	3.24^a	0.26ⁿ	2.35^m	0.73^l
Cold storage (days)

10	0	1.38^f	1.39^h	3.94^gh	1.71^fg	0.95^h	1.74^f	4.41^e	1.89^de
	125	1.18^g	1.52^g	4.12^f	1.76^f	2.52^b	0.45^m	2.70^l	1.22^k
	250	1.18^g	1.52^g	4.15^f	1.76^f	2.51^b	0.45^m	2.70^l	1.22^k
	375	1.18^g	1.52^g	4.15^f	1.76^f	2.51^b	0.45^m	2.70^l	1.22^k

20	0	0.95^h	1.77^ef	4.41^e	1.87^e	0.47^j	2.19^b	4.93^b	2.09^b
	125	0.95^h	1.77^ef	4.41^e	1.87^e	2.25^c	0.62^l	3.02^k	1.32^j
	250	0.88^h	1.87^de	4.57^de	1.93^d	2.24^c	0.62^l	3.02^k	1.32^j
	375	0.95^h	1.77^ef	4.41^e	1.87^e	2.24^c	0.62^l	2.99^k	1.32^j

30	0	0.52^j	2.07^c	4.76^c	2.03^bc	0.25^k	2.65^a	5.87^a	2.49^a
	125	0.72ⁱ	1.94^d	4.67^cd	2.00^c	1.98^d	0.78^k	3.31^j	1.43ⁱ
	250	0.72ⁱ	1.97^cd	4.69^cd	2.00^c	1.97^d	0.78^k	3.31^j	1.43ⁱ
	375	0.72ⁱ	1.97^cd	4.69^cd	2.00^c	1.97^d	0.78^k	3.30^j	1.43ⁱ

Overall mean	Topping	1.10	1.61	4.24	1.81	2.04	0.90	3.34	1.40
	Ambient	1.58	1.15	3.71	1.60	2.71	0.57	2.79	0.99
	Cold storage	0.94	1.76	4.41	1.88	1.82	1.01	3.52	1.53
	Nonsoaked	1.14	1.57	4.17	1.79	0.71	2.02	4.83	2.06
	GA₃ soaked	1.09	1.62	4.26	1.81	2.49	0.53	2.84	1.18

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Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level.

Table 10.

Interaction effects of cold storage duration, clove topping, and gibberellic acid on clove size category based on weight (g).

Storage	Topping	Whole clove				Topped clove
Storage	GA3(mg/l)	Small	Medium	Large	Very large	Small	Medium	Large	Very large
Ambient	0	2.43^e	1.80^k	8.40^k	6.56^j	1.67^g	2.61^hi	9.61^g-i	8.30^gh
	125	2.43^e	1.82^k	8.41^k	6.60^j	4.59^a	0.45^o	5.47^o	3.43ⁿ
	250	2.05^f	2.21^j	8.99^j	7.44ⁱ	4.54^a	0.41^o	5.48^o	3.32ⁿ
	375	2.05^f	2.22^j	9.00^j	7.46ⁱ	4.60^a	0.42^o	5.49^o	3.34ⁿ
Cold storage (days)

10	0	1.95^f	2.44ⁱ	9.23^ij	7.94^h	1.33^h	3.05^g	10.33^f	9.32^f
	125	1.67^g	2.67^h	9.67^g	8.42^g	3.57^b	0.75ⁿ	6.30ⁿ	4.09^m
	250	1.67^g	2.68^h	9.73^g	8.45^g	3.56^b	0.76ⁿ	6.31ⁿ	4.11^m
	375	1.67^g	2.69^h	9.74^g	8.47^g	3.56^b	0.77ⁿ	6.32ⁿ	4.13^m

20	0	1.33^h	3.11^fg	10.33^f	9.44^ef	0.63^j	3.87^b	11.61^b	11.10^b
	125	1.33^h	3.13^fg	10.35^ef	9.47^ef	3.19^c	1.04^m	7.05^m	4.75^l
	250	1.20^hi	3.28^ef	10.72^de	9.85^de	3.18^c	1.05^m	7.06^m	4.77^l
	375	1.33^h	3.12^fg	10.35^ef	9.46^ef	3.18^c	1.06^m	7.01^m	4.78^l

30	0	0.70^j	3.64^c	11.16^c	10.59^c	0.30^k	4.70^a	13.78^a	12.95^a
	125	0.99ⁱ	3.41^de	10.95^cd	10.09^d	2.81^d	1.34^l	7.74^l	5.41^k
	250	0.99ⁱ	3.46^c-e	11.02^cd	10.23^cd	2.80^d	1.35^l	7.75^l	5.43^k
	375	0.99ⁱ	3.47^cd	11.03^cd	10.25^cd	2.80^d	1.36^l	7.73^l	5.44^k

Overall mean	Topping	1.55	2.82	9.94	8.80	2.89	1.56	7.81	5.92
	Ambient	2.24	2.01	8.70	7.01	3.85	0.97	6.51	4.60
	Cold storage	1.32	3.09	10.36	9.39	2.57	1.76	8.25	6.36
	Nonsoaked	1.60	2.75	9.78	8.63	0.98	3.56	11.33	10.42
	GA₃ soaked	1.53	2.85	9.99	8.85	3.53	0.89	6.64	4.42

Open in a new tab

Means with different letter(s) in columns have significant differences according to DMRT at 5% probability level.

Gibberellic acid treatment at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l on ambient temperature stored and non-topped cloves showed a significant decrease in number and weight of small-sized cloves per bulb and an increase in number and weight of medium-sized, large-sized, cloves per bulb as compared to 0 and 125 mg/l GA₃-treated cloves. GA₃ application at a rate of 250 mg/l on 20 days of cold-stored and non-topped cloves showed a comparable weight of small-sized cloves, number and weight of large-sized cloves, number of medium-sized cloves, and weight of very large-sized cloves with 30 days of cold-stored and non-topped cloves treated with GA₃ (Tables 9, 10). Similarly, this treatment showed a comparable weight of medium-sized cloves with 30 days of cold-stored and non-topped cloves treated with 125 and 250 mg/l GA₃ application. The number and weight of medium-sized, large-sized, and very large-sized clove increment by GA₃ application could be due to early sprouting and bulbing and its development. In agreement with this, Moon and Lee [10] reported that preplant treatment of cloves with GA₃ produced positive impact on the number and weight of cloves.

The consistent increase in number and weight of medium-sized, large-sized, and very large-sized cloves and decreasing number and weight of small-sized cloves in response to planting of 30 days of cold-stored, topped, and no GA₃-treated cloves could be due to the effect of clove topping, low temperature, and GA₃ in early sprouting and bulbing. Clove topping treatment results in earlier and uniform sprouting that favors bulbing [12, 13]. This is due to the removal of ABA, and a sprout inhibiting substance existed in the removed portion [14]. Low temperature also increases auxin and GA₃ production that in turn stimulates clove differentiation and development of larger bulbs [44]. Youssef [46] also reported that decreasing temperature (10°C) and increasing storage duration up to 30 days increased clove weight significantly, while the decreased storage duration leads to reduced clove size. In addition, Bandara et al. [52] and Manjula et al. [56] also reported that preplant chilling treatments of cloves significantly increased clove size.

4. Conclusion

For cloves stored at ambient temperature (0 day) and non-topped, gibberellic acid application at a rate of 250 and 375 mg/l significantly reduced dormancy period by 5.84 days while increasing days to maturity by 2.84 days and yield by 9.72% compared with the control. On the other hand, for topped cloves stored at 0, 10, 20, and 30 days of cold storage, GA₃ treatment significantly delayed days to maturity and decreased yield of garlic, while it did not show a significant influence on days to emergence as compared to the controls. The 30 days of cold-stored and topped cloves with no GA₃ treatment significantly reduced dormancy period and days to maturity while increasing the yield of garlic as compared to the controls. In addition, this treatment significantly increased most of the growth and bulb yield components, while the number and weight of small-sized cloves were decreased. Thus, the combination of cold storage for 30 days and topping without soaking under GA₃ could be used to treat fresh garlic cloves for early emergence (19.16 days), good vegetative growth, and higher yield (13.66 t/ha) both under rain-fed and irrigated conditions.

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the Ethiopian Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Debre Berhan University, and Haramaya University.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions

BDA is the first author of the research article, whereas the coauthors have contributed equally for the literature collection, data collection and analysis, manuscript documentation, and its revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

References

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

[B1] 1.Desta B., Tena N., Amare G. Growth and bulb yield of garlic as influenced by clove size. The Scientific World Journal . 2021;2021 doi: 10.1155/2021/7351873.7351873 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B2] 2.Takagi H. Garlic Allium sativum L. In: Rabinowitch H. D., Brewster J. L., editors. Onions and Allied crops, (Biochemistry, Food Science, and Minor Crops) Vol. 3. BocaRaton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 1990. pp. 109–157. [Google Scholar]

[B3] 3.Del Pozo A., Gonzalez G. Developmental responses of garlic to temperature and photoperiod. Agricultural Technology . 2005;65:119–126. doi: 10.4067/s0365-28072005000200001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B4] 4.Bhuiya M. A. K., Rahim M. A., Chowdhury M. N. A. Effect of planting time, mulch and irrigation on the growth and yield of garlic. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences . 2003;2(8):639–643. doi: 10.3923/ajps.2003.639.643. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B5] 5.Ade-Ademilua O. E., Iwaotan T. O., Osaji T. C. Pre-Planting (cold) treatments of Allium sativum cloves improves its growth and yield under open field and open shade conditions. Journal of Plant Sciences . 2009;4(3):1816–4951. doi: 10.3923/jps.2009.49.58. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B6] 6.Siddique M. A., Rabbani M. G. Growth and bulbing of garlic in response to low temperature treatment of bulb and planting date. Bangladesh Journal of Botany . 1985;14:41–46. [Google Scholar]

[B7] 7.Rizk F. A., El-Habbasha K. M. Flowering and seed yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants as affected by dates of planting and some growth regulators. Journal of Horticulture . 1996;23(1):113–127. [Google Scholar]

[B8] 8.Chowdhury A. K. Mymensingh, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Agricultural University; 2003. Effect of plant growth regulators on growth physiological characters and yield attributes of barley. M.S. thesis. [Google Scholar]

[B9] 9.Amal M. E., Hegazi A. M. Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, indole-3- bytric acid and gibberellic acid on plant growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences . 2009;3(4):3514–3523. [Google Scholar]

[B10] 10.Moon W., Lee B. Y. Influence of short day treatment on the growth and levels of endogenous growth substances in garlic (Allium sativum L.) plants. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science . 1980;21:109–118. [Google Scholar]

[B11] 11.Ouzounidou G., Giannakoula A., Asfiiand M., Ilias I. Differential response of onion and garlic against plant growth regulator. Pakistan Journal of Botany . 2011;43(4):2051–2057. [Google Scholar]

[B12] 12.Arifin N. S., Okubo H., Miho N. Dormancy in Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) and Allium X wakegi bulbs and its breaking by scale cutting. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University . 1999;43(3/4):309–315. doi: 10.5109/24275. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B13] 13.Peter K. V. Handbook of Herbs and Spices, Volume 3 . Vol. 385. Sawston, UK: Wood head Publishing Limited; 2006. [Google Scholar]

[B14] 14.Yamazaki H., Ishida N., Katsura N., Kano H., Nishijima T., Koshioka M. Changes in carbohydrate composition and water status during bulb development of Allium wakegi Araki. Bulletin of National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea . 1995;10:1–11. [Google Scholar]

[B15] 15.Tabour G., Zelleke A. Achievements in Shallot and Garlic Research Report . Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization; 2000. [Google Scholar]

[B16] 16.Gedamu F. Haramaya, Ethiopia: Haramaya University; 2005. Effects of clove size and plant density on the bulb yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Awabel Woreda, Eastern Gojjam Zone. M.S. thesis. [Google Scholar]

[B17] 17.Gomez K. A., Gomez A. A. Statistical Procedures of Agricultural Research . New York, NY, USA: John Wily and Sons; 1984. p. p. 680. [Google Scholar]

[B18] 18.Lin P. C., Roberts A. N. Scale function in growth and flowering of Lilium longiflorum, Thunb. “Nellie white”. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science . 1970;95:559–561. [Google Scholar]

[B19] 19.Wang S. Y., Roberts A. N. Physiology of dormancy in Lilium longiflorum “ace,” thunb. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science . 1970;95:554–558. [Google Scholar]

[B20] 20.Yamazaki H., Nishijima T., Koshioka M., Miura H. Gibberellins do not act against abscisic acid in the regulation of bulb dormancy of Allium wakegi Araki. Plant Growth Regulation . 2002;36(3):223–229. doi: 10.1023/a:1016577529378. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B21] 21.Teaster N. D., Motes C. M., Tang Y., Wiant W. C., Cotter M. Q. N-Acylethanolamine metabolism interacts with absicisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The Plant Cell Online . 2007;19:2454–2469. doi: 10.1105/tpc.106.048702. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B22] 22.Solomina V. F. Changes in the activity of endogenous cytokinins during the relative dormancy of garlic bulbs. Horticultural Abstracts . 1977;47:p. 4416. [Google Scholar]

[B23] 23.Silva N. F., Casali V. W. D. Effects of low temperature storage and planting date on dormancy in the garlic cultivar Peruano. Horticultural Abstracts . 1987;59:p. 320. [Google Scholar]

[B24] 24.Langens-Gerrits M. M., Miller W. B. M., Croes A. F., De Klerk G. J. Effect of low temperature on dormancy breaking and growth after planting in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation . 2003;40:267–275. doi: 10.1023/a:1025018728178. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B25] 25.Satin S. M. E., Lopez M. Effects of storage temperature on growth and bulb formation in four garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany . 1994;26(1):161–165. [Google Scholar]

[B26] 26.Khokhar K. M., Hadley P., Pearson S. Effect of cold temperature durations of onion sets in store on the incidence of bolting, bulbing and seed yield. Scientia Horticulturae . 2007;112:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2006.12.038. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B27] 27.Aura K. Studies on the vegetatively propagated onions cultivated in Finnland, with special reference to flowering and storage. IX. The influence of various storage temperatures on flowering and yield in the North Finnish onion strain. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae . 1968;7:183–188. [Google Scholar]

[B28] 28.Butt A. M. Vegetative growth, morphogenesis and carbohydrate content of the onion plant as a function of light and temperature under field and controlled conditions. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen . 1968;68:94–191. [Google Scholar]

[B29] 29.Palilov N. A. The biological bases of onion storage. Proceedings of the Symposium of vegetable storage, Acta Horticulturae . 1969;20:53–64. [Google Scholar]

[B30] 30.Rahim M. A., Fordham R. Environmental manipulation for controlling bulbing in garlic. Acta Horticulturae . 2001;555:181–188. doi: 10.17660/actahortic.2001.555.27. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B31] 31.Cantwell M. I., Kang J., Hong G. Heat treatments control sprouting and rooting of garlic cloves. Postharvest Biology and Technology . 2003;30:57–65. doi: 10.1016/s0925-5214(03)00060-7. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B32] 32.Vazquez B. M., Lopez E. G., Mercado S. E., Castano T. E., Leon V. G., Ratindo K. E. Low temperature storage of garlic for spring planting. Horticultural Science . 2006;39(3):p. 571. [Google Scholar]

[B33] 33.Rahman M. H., Haque M. S., Karim M. A., Ahmed A. Effects of Gibberellic acid on breaking dormancy in garlic (Allium sativum L.) International Journal of Agriculture and Biology . 2006;1:63–65. [Google Scholar]

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PERMALINK

Duration of of Low-Temperature Storage, Clove Topping and Gibberellic Acid on Emergence, Yield and Yield Components of Garlic

Bizuayehu Desta

Kebede Woldetsadik

Wassu Mohammed

Netsanet Tena

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the Experimental Site

2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design

2.3. Planting and Agronomic Practices

2.4. Data Collection

2.5. Data Analysis

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of Clove Treatments on Phenology and Growth of Garlic

Table 1.

3.1.1. Phenology

Table 2.

3.1.2. Growth Characteristics

Table 3.

3.2. Effect of Clove Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Garlic

Table 4.

3.2.1. Bulb Characteristics

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Table 5.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

3.2.2. Clove Characteristics

Table 6.

3.2.3. Bulb Dry Matter Percentage and Total Dry Biomass

Table 7.

3.2.4. Total Bulb Yield

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

3.3. Effect of Clove Treatments on Clove Sizes of Garlic

Table 8.

Table 9.

Table 10.

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Authors' Contributions

References

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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