Abstract
Objectives
The study aimed to compare the color stability of two different light-cured composites after immersion in three liquids and the effectiveness of 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) in removing the discoloration.
Material and methods
Color stability of a microhybrid (Z250, 3M ESPE) and nanocomposite (Z550, 3M ESPE) was evaluated after immersion in instant coffee, tea, Coca-Cola, and deionized water as a control group (n=5). Samples were kept in liquids for four hours daily at 37°C for 30 days. Furthermore, 16% CP was applied for the following 14 days, simulating night whitening. A digital spectrophotometer was used for color measurement based on the CIEL*a*b* color coordinates. The color changes (∆E) were measured at baseline, after immersion in the beverages, and also after the teeth whitening procedure. Mixed and factorial ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test were used for statistical evaluation (p≤0.05).
Results
Tested resin composites showed a color change over the acceptability threshold (ΔE*> 3.48) after immersion in coffee and tea. Nanocomposite reported a significant increase in discoloration in coffee after 30 days (p <0.05). The color of both materials significantly changed (p<0.05) along all three L*a*b* axes in coffee and tea to darker, yellow, and red. Whitening with 16% CP was effective in removing external discoloration in both examined composite materials.
Conclusion
Coffee and tea induced clinically detectable color changes in dental composites tested, with cumulative effects. Whitening represents an efficient method for the removal of surface discoloration in composite restorations.
Keywords: MeSH terms: Composite Resins, Coloring Agents, Coffee, Tea, Tooth Bleaching
Author keywords: Color, Teeth Bleaching, Beverages, Staining
Introduction
Growing concerns regarding dental amalgam toxicity, patient requirements for aesthetic fillings, and a minimally invasive treatment approach resulted in the dominance of composite materials in terms of direct restorative dental treatment. Contemporary researchers focus on improving the physical characteristics and clinical longevity as well as esthetic appearance of existing composite materials, along with the introduction of new technologies. Although the quality of composite fillings has improved in recent years, discoloration after exposure to the oral medium continues to be a challenge for composite materials (1). Prolonged exposure of composites to the oral cavity conditions leads to restoration discoloration and a consequent color discrepancy between tooth and restoration. Discoloration causes patient dissatisfaction and the additional cost for the filling replacement (2).
Methods for removing external dental composite discoloration to achieve esthetics restoration include air polishing, bleaching or whitening, conventional repolishing, or even replacement of existing highly stained composite. Air polishing may produce roughness on the composite surface, even when using mild glycine-based powder (3). Composite color can be restored by repolishing, although this procedure partially removes material from the restoration surface. However, in the case of deep pigment penetration, it is not possible to completely restore the color of the material to its initial shade by polishing. Therefore, bleaching remains a minimally invasive approach for stain removal from direct resin-based composite restorations. The bleaching effect may be obtained either by using a bleaching agent in different concentrations, or various lamps to speed up the process (4). When used properly under the supervision of a dentist, peroxide-based tooth bleaching products are considered safe and effective (5).
With advancements in nanotechnology in recent years, dental composites with nanoparticles were introduced. Microhybrid composites and nanocomposites are the most commonly used materials for direct dental restorations with microscale/nanoscale, individual/clustered nanoscale glass fillers, respectively (6). As claimed, a high surface/volume ratio in nanocomposites results in improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties (7). To achieve a longer esthetic appearance of the dental filling, it is important to identify a composite material less susceptible to discoloration. The objective of this study was to assess the color stability of two different composite resins in three frequently used solutions - coffee, tea, and Coca-Cola - and effectively determine if bleaching with 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel can remove derived discoloration. The first hypothesis of this study was that beverages affect the discoloration susceptibility of the tested composite materials, and the second hypothesis was that bleaching with 16% CP gel would be effective in the color recovery of tested composites.
Material and methods
Resin dental composites used in this study include microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in shades A2. The characteristics of the composites used in this study are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Properties of the materials used in this study.
| Product | Manufacturer | Shade | #Batch number |
Matrix | Filler particle size in μm | Filler weight in % (wt) | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtek Z550 | 3M ESPE,St.Paul, MN, USA | A2 | N502352 | Bis-GMA, UDMA, Bis-EMA, TEGMA, PEGDMA |
20 nm silica, 1-10 µm zirconia/silica particles | 82% | Nanohybrid |
| Filtek Z250 | 3M ESPE,St.Paul, MN, USA | A2 | N535897 | Bis-GMA, UDMA, Bis-EMA |
0.01-3.5 μm zirconia/silica particles |
82% | Microhybrid |
| Bis-GMA- Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate; UDMA- Urethane dimethacrylate; Bis-EMA- Ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-dimethacrylate; TEGDMA- Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; PEGDMA - polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate | |||||||
Preparation of Samples
Composite disc samples were prepared using microscopic glass plates covered with Mylar strips and Teflon mold (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height). The resin was pressed by a plate to flatten, and it was photopolymerized through the glass and transparent strip from both sides for 20 seconds using a wireless light source with an irradiance of 1200 mW/cm2 (Elipar™ FreeLight 2 LED Curing Light, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The light intensity of the curing lamp was regularly monitored using a radiometer Bluephase Meter (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). A total of 40 discs were prepared.
All samples were consequently processed with fine and superfine extra thin (dark orange to yellow) aluminum oxide-impregnated paper discs (Sof-Lex™, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), with average particle size of 24μm, and 8μm respectively, embedded in a low-speed handpiece. The abrasive discs were used with reduced speed under dry conditions and light pressure for 10 seconds to standardize the surface and mimic clinical conditions. The polishing disks were discarded after every specimen. After polishing, the samples were initially stored in distilled water at 37°C to complete the polymerization process.
After 24 hours, the samples were randomly divided into three experimental subgroups and the control group (n=5). Three different beverages used in this experiment were instant coffee, green tea, and Coca-Cola. The samples were immersed in these freshly prepared beverages for four hours during the day to simulate high intakes, then rinsed with distilled water, while in the remaining hours they were stored in deionized water. The samples were kept in experimental liquids at 37ºC ± 1ºC. The procedures were repeated during 30 days. Considering that 24-hour immersion simulates near one month of coffee consumption (8), the performed intermittent staining protocol mimics clinical exposure to these beverages over six months.
Five samples of both composites were kept in deionized water in the incubator at 37°C for 30 days (control group). Distilled or deionized water was previously used as a control group due to minimal color change reported (9-11).
Preparation of Beverages
The contents of the bag (17.5 g) of instant coffee Nescafe 3in1 Classic (Nestle, Hungary, Kft. Szerenczi Gyara) were poured using 150 ml of boiling water. The solution was stirred and allowed to cool for 10minutes. Tea solution was prepared by immersing prefabricated tea bag (30 gr) Lipton green tea Nature (Unilever, Belgium) into 200 ml of boiling water. After ten minutes of stirring, the bag was removed. A factory-sealed 0.5-liter Coca-Cola package (Coca-Cola HBC, Sarajevo, B&H) at room temperature was used for the third subgroup.
The pH value of every beverage and pH of bleaching gel was determined at room temperature using a digital pHmeter PHYWE 13702.93 (Göttingen, Germany). Two-point calibration of pHmeter's electrode was performed using standard buffers at pH=4.0 and 7.0. The electrode was immersed in freshly prepared test beverages. A stable pH reading was achieved after 1-2 minutes of immersion, recorded as the pH of the sample. The composition of the immersion solutions (manufacturer’s data) and their pH are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Main characteristics of the beverages.
| Beverage | Main ingredients | pH |
|---|---|---|
| Nescafe 3 in 1 Classic | Coffee powder | 6.45 |
| Lipton green tea Nature | 100% natural, green tea leaves. | 6.48 |
| Coca-Cola® | Carbonated water, sugar, caramel color, phosphoric acid, caffeine, natural flavors. |
2.26 |
| 16% carbamide peroxide VivaStyle® | Glycerin 25-50%, Aqua 10–25%, Urea (Carbamide) Peroxide 16%, Carbomer 5 – 10, Potassium Nitrate 1–5, Sodium Hydroxide 1–5, Aroma 0.1–1.0, EDTA 0.1–1.0, Sodium Saccharin 0.1–1.0 | 7.00 |
Composite Samples Bleaching Process
The samples were bleached using 16% carbamide peroxide gel Vivasyle (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrass, Liechtenstein) for seven hours a day over 14-days, mimicking the at-home-night technique. The bleaching agent was carefully removed using a cellulose cloth, rinsed with tap water for one minute, and distilled water consecutively. During the remaining 17 hours, the samples were stored in deionized water at 37°C (12).
Color Evaluation
A Vita Easyshade Compact digital spectrophotometer (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) was used for color spectrophotometric determination, previously calibrated with an integrated standard white plate. Color measurements were performed 24 hours after polymerization – on the 7th, 14th, and 30th day of immersion and after whitening. At each measurement, the samples were extracted from deionized water, dried with cellulose wadding, and L*a*b* color parameters were evaluated according to the CIEL*a*b* color scale, using white backing. Measurements were repeated three times and the mean L*, a*, and b* values were recorded. The L* vertical parameter refers to the lightness, while a* and b* color coordinates are chromatic axes in the red-green and yellow-blue direction, respectively. Based on the spectrophotometric determination of L*a*b* color values, the total difference between the two shades (ΔE) was calculated. The color shift (∆E*ab) was calculated using equation ∆E*ab = [(∆L*)2+ (∆a*)2+ (∆b*)2]1/2. When the ΔE was higher than the acceptability threshold (ΔE*> 3.48), it was considered clinically visible, while a value of 1.74 was accepted as the perceptibility threshold (13). The results were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v.20 program package. The values of color changes were analyzed by mixed and factorial ANOVA test (p≤0.05). Subsequently, Bonferroni-corrected t-tests for independent samples were used for comparison (post-hoc analysis).
Results
The color of composite materials tested in this study changed in coffee and tea beyond the acceptability threshold (ΔE>3.48) as early as seven days after immersion. After 30 days of immersion, the smallest value of ΔE3 was detected for the Z250 composite samples immersed in Coca-Cola, whereas the highest ΔE3 value was detected for nanocomposite samples immersed in coffee (ΔE3=13.23+2.11). During water immersion (ΔE3=0.94+0.17) and Coca-Cola immersion (ΔE3=0.71+0.61), no significant changes were detected in ΔE values of resin composites of both materials. The values of color difference (ΔE) after immersion in different solutions during the time are shown in Table 3. To determine which of the materials had a higher sensitivity to pigmentation caused by tested solutions, the post-hoc test of ΔE3 value differences between two tested materials for each of the three solutions was performed by t-test for independent samples with Bonferroni corrected p-value (p = 0.05/3 = 0.017). After 30 days of immersion, statistically significant differences in color alterations were caused only by coffee (p=0.01). Although a visible color change was found in samples of both materials immersed in tea, the change was not statistically significant (p=0.19).
Table 3. The values of color difference (ΔE) with standard deviations, according to material, solution, and time of measurement.
| Material | Z250 | Z550 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evaluation period | Water | Tea | Coffee | Coca-Cola | Water | Tea | Coffee | Coca-Cola | |||
| ΔE1 (1.- 7. day) |
4.49 (+1.20) | 4.55 (+1.26) | 1.79 (+0.64) | 4.50 (+1.04) | 7.61 (+1.64) | 1.25 (+0.46) | |||||
| ΔE2 (1.- 14.day) |
6.99 (+1.04) | 6.20 (+1.42) | 1.46 (+1.38) | 5.65 (+1.66) | 10.42 (+2.46) | 1.22 (+0.83) | |||||
|
ΔE3
(1.-30.day) |
0.94 (+0.17) | 10.23 (+2.23) | 9.36* (+1.39) | 0.71 (+0.61) | 0.91 (+0.30) | 8.46 (+1.59) | 13.23* ( +2.11) | 1.80 (+0.81) | |||
| ΔE4 (after bleaching) | 2.37 (+0.39) | 1.59 (+0.45) | 2.48 (+0.34) | 2.73 (+0.23) | 1.92 (+0.55) | 3.12 (+0.90) | |||||
| *Statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) in a color difference between two tested materials at a specific time | |||||||||||
The values of ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* for tested materials immersed in tested solutions are given in Table 4. For each color dimension (L*, a*, and b*) of both materials (microhybrid and nanocomposite), mixed ANOVA with Time (day one, day 30) as a repeated measure and Beverage (tea, coffee, Coca-Cola) as a between-groups was computed. Time x Beverage interaction was significant for all three color dimensions of both materials (all ps<.001). Post hoc comparisons were performed using t-tests with Bonferroni correction of p-value (p = 0.05/3 = 0.017). On day 30, the color shifts at both tested materials were significant along all three L*, a*, and b* axes in coffee and tea (p<0.05). A statistically significant decrease in L* values (microhybrid: ps<0.001 for both tea and coffee; nanocomposite: p=0.001 for tea, and p<0.001 for coffee) pointed to a brightness shift along the white-black axis toward darker. A statistically significant increase in a* values (microhybrid: p<0.001 for tea, and p=0.004 for coffee; nanocomposite: ps<0.001 for both tea and coffee) along the red-green axis indicates that samples immersed in coffee and tea became redder, whereas a significant increase in b* values (microhybrid: p=0.001 for tea, and p<0.001 for coffee; nanocomposite: ps < 0.001 for both tea and coffee) for tested materials along the yellow-blue axis indicated a shift towards yellow. An increase in L*, a*, and b* for samples immersed in Coca-Cola has not pointed to any statistical differences in both tested materials (all ps ≥0.05).
Table 4. Means and standard deviations of color change in L*, a*, and b* axis (color change 1st-30th day) of microhybrid and nanocomposite in three different solutions.
| Material | Solution | ∆L | ∆a | ∆b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtek Z250 | Tea | 7.73+1.56 A | -2.09+0.45B | -6.35+1.65C |
| Coffee | 8.15+1.40 A | -1.57+0.57 B | -4.24+0.77C | |
| Coca-Cola | -0.38+0.36 | 0.11+0.28 | 0.26+0.36 | |
| Distilled water | -0.45+0,20 | 0.67+0.25 | 0.05+0.47 | |
| Filtek Z550 | Tea | 5.83+1.27 A | -1.71+0.37B | -5.87+1.06C |
| Coffee | 9.27+1.94 A | 3.36+0.58 B | 8.80+0.99C | |
| Coca-Cola | -1,50+0.79 | -0.09+0.19 | -0.81+0.63 | |
| Distilled water | -0.32+0.87 | -0.10+0.11 | 0.01+0.46 | |
| ∆L -(brightness) values; ∆a (change along red-green axis) values; ∆b- (change along yellow-blue axis) values A-statistically significant decrease in the value of L* parameters B-statistically significant increase in the value of a* parameters C--statistically significant increase in the value of b* parameters | ||||
The efficiency of bleaching in reducing external discoloration from the composite surface (ΔE4), showed the difference between baseline ΔE values (before discoloration by standing in beverages) and the values after application of 16% CP (Table 3.). After bleaching treatment, ΔE4 values decreased within acceptable values (ΔE4<3.48) in both tested materials. Factorial ANOVA with Material (microhybrid and nanocomposite) and Beverage (tea, coffee, Coca-Cola) as between groups factors revealed significant differences in ΔE4 values between materials (p=0.03), with bigger color changes with the nanomaterial Z550 than the microhybrid Z250 after application of 16% CP. A more considerable improvement in color change was observed in the nanocomposite.
Discussion
Aesthetic composite restorations are ordinarily exposed to food and drink effects in the oral environment, resulting in external discoloration. This research was conducted to investigate the selective effect of three heavily consumed beverages worldwide on the color of two different composite materials: coffee, tea, and carbonated drink (Coca-Cola).
Discoloration can be quantified subjectively by visual comparison of color differences or an objective measurement using an instrument. This study used a portable, wireless digital spectrophotometer, with the white-colored plate for the background to determine CIEL*a*b color coordinates. There are several color systems in use, however, the CIEL*a*b* color system has been extensively used in dental research (1, 11, 12). This color-difference formula provided data on overall color change, values of the change across the color coordinates, and also enabled comparisons with previous studies.
In this study, immersion in coffee and tea resulted in unacceptable color alteration of both composite materials. Tested composites showed clinically unacceptable color change after immersion in tea and coffee already after being immersed for seven days (Table 3.). Over time, discoloration progressively increased reaching the highest values at day 30, as demonstrated previously (11, 14). Lower color stability in coffee and tea groups is consistent with previous studies (1, 15-17). Filtek Z250 showed a higher stainability in tea (ΔE3=10.23+) and coffee (ΔE3=9.36+), while the least color change (ΔE3=0.71) was observed in Coca-Cola. After immersion, nanohybrid composite Z550 displayed color changes of ΔE3=8.46 + (tea), 13.23 + (coffee) and 1.80 + (Coca-Cola). Thus, the first part of the study hypothesis was partially confirmed as Coca-Cola color change values were found to be visually undetectable, while coffee and tea produced color changes beyond the acceptability threshold for both materials tested. Some previous studies have demonstrated greater composite discoloration in coffee compared to tea (16, 18), while others showed the opposite (1, 14). The difference in results can be attributed to different immersion protocols and materials tested.
Discoloration of samples immersed in coffee and tea is considered to be primarily superficial as a result of surface adsorption of colorants (14) or can be attributed to water absorption with pigments in the resin matrix (1) due to superficial degradation (8). According to Ferracane, the absorption of solvents begins immediately and peaks in one or two months when the polymer network is completely saturated (19). A rapid excretion of unreacted monomers from composite takes place in an aqueous environment. Water molecules enter the composite while unreacted matrix monomers and ions from the filler and activator emerge. Consequently, the superficial resin matrix is softened and discoloration resistance is ultimately reduced (9).
Discoloration assessment in this study was performed after seven, 14, and 30 days. This measurement schedule proved to be rational because the greatest color change occurred in the first seven days of immersion (Table 3.). Based on the assumption that a vast majority of unreacted monomers elute from composite during this period, a residual free space is occupied by water.
During this process of water sorption into the composite resin, the liquid is the carrier of the colorant through the diffusion process (20). Coffee has a strong discoloration effect on teeth and dental composites (10, 14). During coffee roasting, brown-colored high-molecular-weight nitrogenous compounds named melanoidins are produced and they are compounds primarily responsible for this discoloration (17). Other colorants such as tannin or caffeine contribute to staining as they deeply penetrate the composite matrix (14, 21). Furthermore, tea contributes to composite discoloration due to the sorption of tannins (17).
Considering the type of composite material, a significantly higher nanocomposite discoloration was found only in samples immersed in coffee after 30 days (p<0.05). Higher absorption of pigmented beverages in the nanocomposite is consistent with previous studies (9, 22). The difference in discoloration between two composites can be explained by the chemical composition of these materials. This refers to the composition of the organic part and amount of resin matrix since inorganic filler does not absorb water. According to manufacturer’s information, Z250 and Z550 have similar matrices in their composition, containing Bis-GMA, UDMA, and Bis-EMA monomers, with the addition of PEGDMA and TEGDMA to the nanocomposite. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) confirmed that Z250 contains a larger amount of hydrophobic monomer UDMA compared to Bis-GMA and Bis-EMA in its composition (23). Thus, Z250 may be less susceptible to discoloration by the percentage of hydrophobic monomer UDMA in the structure of material. UDMA increases the hydric stability of the composite (15) and demonstrates a lower water sorption and higher resistance to discoloration compared to hydrophilic Bis-GMA (21). Water sorption was attributed to monomers Bis-GMA (21) and TEGDMA in an organic matrix (21, 24). Small hydrophilic molecules of TEGDMA have higher mobility in an aqueous environment; wash out faster than larger, more massive molecules such as Bis-GMA (23). The emptied places of this molecule were occupied by small molecules of water, carrying a pigment. For this reason, any composite must always be adequately polymerized, since higher conversion means less unreacted mobile monomer, less water sorption, and greater color stability (1). Irrespective of the composite resin used, insufficient light-curing of the composite restoration, continued to be a challenge (25). For this reason, the samples in this study were polymerized with a lamp with optimal light intensity confirmed by a radiometer. Several reports have shown that small nanoparticles contribute to a smoother surface and lower discoloration over time due to minimal surface alteration (26). Previously, discoloration of nanomaterials was attributed to the porosity of the glass filler particles (9). The obtained results showed similar color susceptibility of nanocomposite after immersion in beverages compared to conventional microhybrid composite. These results corroborate the findings of a meta-analysis which did not confirm the advantage of nanocomposites in lower staining susceptibility (26).
Previous studies stated that the discoloration of composites might be a consequence of the low pH of beverage (22) causing surface erosion effect and roughening (10). The acidic environment may induce loss of structural ions, which then enable pigments from the solution to penetrate the softened surface. Composite materials tested in this study were immersed in acid solutions of pH values ranging from 2.26 for Coca-Cola to 6.48 for tea (Table 2.). This study showed imperceptible staining for microhybrid composite in Coca-Cola, while nanocomposite in this beverage demonstrated color change beyond the perceptibility threshold (1.74). Minor discoloration in Coca-Cola compared to samples immersed in coffee and tea is in line with the results of previous studies (17, 21). Although this beverage has a highly acidic pH suitable for surface dissolution and polymer softening, low-level discoloration in Coca-Cola solution is attributed to sulfite ammonia caramel (17). Nevertheless, less extensive discoloration may be due to the lack of yellow colorant in this solution (21). The color alteration of tested composites after exposure to deionized water was clinically non-perceptible (ΔE<1), which is also seen in previous studies (9, 10). The minimal color shift (Table 3) may be due to the water sorption in the organic matrix, as deionized water is colorless (21).
Significant discoloration of composites immersed in coffee and tea was demonstrated in three spatial coordinates, L*, a*, b* (p<0.05). For both tested materials, the main shift demonstrated in ΔL*values towards black, while a* and b* coordinates showed significant deflection to a more positive value (Table 4.). Consequently, the color of both tested materials in coffee and tea became redder, more yellow, and dark. Positive ΔL*values of nanocomposites in Coca-Cola indicate that the samples became lighter, which is consistent with the previously reported results (14).
Tooth bleaching has gained popularity in recent years as a non-invasive and affordable method for smile attractiveness enhancement. Previous research reported that every fourth young adult used this method (5). In addition, this study evaluated the suitability of the at-home whitening method in removing discoloration from composite after exposure to stained beverages. Bleaching regained ΔE values within a clinically acceptable threshold (ΔE <3.48), which is consistent with previous studies (9, 12). Removal of external discoloration from the composite surface using 16% CP proved to be effective on both tested composite materials. Therefore, the second part of the study hypothesis was accepted. Carbamide peroxide decomposes into oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide that produces very reactive free radicals. These unstable radicals engage in chemical interactions with organic chromophores and oxidize stain molecules. Furthermore, these oxygen species convert the chains within stain into less complex molecules; modify their optical properties resulting in degradation products with lower molecular weights (27). The color has been achieved more efficiently on microhybrid material, likewise in the previous research papers (12). One explanation for this may be the composition, as Z250 contains less resin matrix than nanocomposite. Regarding nanocomposite, it contains a larger amount of resin on the surface; consequently, it is more difficult to remove discoloration by bleaching (12).
It is important to note that this study has certain limitations. Only one shade of composites was evaluated. Moreover, considering a clinical variable, dental restorations are subjected to the effect of the brushing and mastication, saliva components, thermal stress, fluid dynamics, and the adhesion of the biofilm that could also have a role in the process of discoloration. Since this was an in vitro study that is unable to simulate complex interactions in the oral cavity, future long-term in vivo studies are also needed to assess the color stability of the composites.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this in vitro study showed that coffee and green tea caused visually perceptible color changes on the composite resins that continue over time. The resulting color change of the composites presented is due to the chromaticity shift towards yellow, black, and red. Filtek Z250 showed less discoloration, dominantly for samples immersed in coffee. The patients should be informed about the effect of coffee and tea on composite discoloration, and about the cumulative effects on the change of the restoration color.
Additionally, the bleaching procedure using 16% CP showed clinically acceptable results as a method for removing external discolorations from the restoration surface. Further research is needed to investigate into the tooth discoloration in vivo.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the help provided by Ivan Škorput, DMD, Scientific Affairs & Education Supervisor, and Southeast Europe at 3M.
We gratefully acknowledge the Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Department of Chemistry for their kind assistance in pH measurements.
The authors wish to thank Ratko Đokić Ph.D., Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, for assistance in the statistical analysis and interpretation of data.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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